X.Chapter 6.Work,Life and Leisure.History.

                                                                  Chapter-6       

                                                          Work, Life and Leisure.

                                                          Glossary:

      Metropolis - A large, densely populated city of a country or state, often the capital of the region.

     Urbanization – Development of a city or town.

     Philanthropist – Someone who works for social upliftment and charity, donating time and money for the purpose.

     Tenement – Run-down and often overcrowded apartment house, especially in a poor section of a large city.

     Temperance Movement – A largely middleclass-led social reform movement which emerged in Britain and America from the nineteenth century onwards. It identified alcoholism as the cause of the ruin of families and society, and aimed at reducing the consumption of alcoholic drinks particularly amongst the working classes.

    Asphyxiation – Suffocation due to lack of oxygen supply.

    Individualism – A theory which promotes the liberty, rights or independent action of the individual, rather than of the community.

    Presidency cities – The capitals of the Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies in British India.

    Akharas – Traditional wrestling schools, generally located in every neighbourhood, where young people were trained to insure both physical and moral fitness.

   Depressed classes – A term often used to denote those who were seen within the caste order as ‘lower castes’ and ‘untouchables’.

    Reclamation – The reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other wasteland for settlements, cultivation or other use.

    Chawls – Chawls were multi-storeyed structures built since 1860s in the native parts of Bombay presently known as Mumbai. These were largely owned by private landlords, who were looking for quick ways of earning money from the anxious migrants. Each chawl was divided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilets.

                                     Inside Questions and answers

              Short types Qestion:

   Quest.1.Who wrote the novel ‘Debganer Martye Aagaman’ and what was it’s theme?

    Answ.1.Durgacharan Ray wrote the novel and the theme was to explain the city life of Calcutta.

    Quest.2. What were the processes which have shaped modern cities in decisive ways?

    Answ.2.The rise of industrial capitalism.The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world.

    The development in different sectors of economy.

   Quest.3. Name any three ancient cities?

   Answ.3.Ur.Nippur.Mohenjodaro are the three ancient  cities.

   Quest.4. Why were the migrants attracted towards London and Manchester?

   Answ.4.The migrants were attracted towards London and Manchester because jobs were easily available to workers in textile mills.

   Quest.5. Name any four industries which provide employment to the people of London

   Answ.5. London dockyard ,Clothing,Footwear Metal and engineering.

   Quest.6 Who wrote ‘The Bitter Cry of Outcast London’?

   Answ.6. Andrew Mearns

   Quest.7. Name the acts through which children were kept out of industrial works in London?

   Answ.7.Compulsory elementary, education act in 1870.

    Various factories acts were implemented.

    Quest.8. Name the presidency cities of colonial India.

    Answ.8.Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.

    Quest.9. How did underground railway help in solving housing problem?

    Answ.9. London underground partially solve the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and fro the city.

    Quest.10. Name any two factors which promoted migration into Bombay.

   Answ.10. Introduction of railways and Establishment of textile industry.