X.Chapter 7.Print and Culture.History

     
          

Sub Section III

          Everyday Life, Culture and the Modern World 

          Chapter 7 Print Culture and the Modern World 

         

          Dates 

  

         594 AD onwards Age of hand printing.  Books in china were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks

        768-770 AD  Import of hand printing technology to Japan from China

        868 AD Publication of the Buddhist Diamond Sutra 11th cnt.Chinese paper reached Europe via the same route

       1295 Marco Polo a great explorer returned to Italy and brought the

knowledge of wood load printing with him from after many

years of exploration of China

       1430s Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press.

        Early 15th cnt Woodblocks were being wide used in Europe .textiles, playing cards and religious pictures with simple, brief texts.

       16th cnt. Manocchio a miler in Italy, began to read books that were available in his locality 

        1508 Introduction of mechanical printing

        1517 Erasmus published his Adages.  

        1517 The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses.

        16th Mid cnt. first printing press came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries

        1558 The roman church began to maintain an index of prohibited books

        1579 Catholic priest printed the first Tamil book at Cochin

In early 18th cnt. The periodical press developed 

         1713 The first Malyalam books was printed

         1780 James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette

          18th cnt. Louise Sebastein Mercier, a novelist Of France declared "The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.

           1810 The first printed edition of Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas came out

           1812 Stories for children were published

           1821 Manmohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi the first Bengali newspaper and the Hindu orthodozy commissioned the SamacharChandrika

           1822 Tow Persian newspapaers were published A Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay Samachar made its appearance mid 19th cnt. Richard M. How of New York had perfected the power riven cylindrical press which was capable of printing 8000 sheets per hour

           1857 A children's press, devoted to literature for children exclusively was set up in France

           1867 Foundation of Deoband Seminary

           1871 Jyotibi Phulke published Gulamgiri

           1876 Rashshundari Debi published her autobiography Amar Jiban

           1877 The Stateman was founded

           1878 The vernacular press Act was passed

           1926 Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain strogly condemned men for withholding education from women

            1938  Kashibaba published Chotte aur Bade Ka Sawal

     Glossary

      Almanac : An annual publication giving astronomical data, information about the movements of the sun and moon, timing of full tides and eclipses, and much else that was of importance in everyday life of the people.

    Ballad : A historical account or folk tale in verse, usually sung or recited.

   Calligraphy : The art of beautiful and stylised writing.

    Chapbook : A term used to describe pocket size that books are sold by travelling peddlers called chapman.

    Compositor : The person who composes the text for printing. 

Development of printing press: Johann Gutenberg developed it in the 1430s in Strasbourg, Germany.

      Fatwa : A legal pronouncement on Islamic law, usually given by a mufti , to clarify issues on which the law is uncertain.

        Galley : Metal frame in which types are laid and text composed.

        Heretical : Beliefs which do not follow the accepted teaching of the church.

        Inquisition : A former Roman Catholic court for identify and punishing heretics.

        Platen : In letterpress printing, platen is a board which is pressed on to the back of the paper to get the impression from the type. At one time, it used to be a wooden board. Later, it was made of steel.

        Protestant reformation : A sixteenth century movement to reform the Catholic church dominated by Rome.

        Satiety : The state of being fulfilled much beyond the point of satisfaction.

    Seditious: Action, speech or writing that is seen as opposing the government.

    Ulama : Legal scholars of Islam and the Sharia.

    Vellum : A parchment made from the skin of animals.

                                                                                                     Persons

  B.R. Ambedkar : Wrote powerfully on caste.

   Balgangadhar Tilak : A great nationalist. He published kesari.

   Biliotheque Bleue : Low-price small books printed on poor quality paper and bound in cheap blue covers, published in France.

   Diomond sutra: The oldest Japanese book published in 868. It contained six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.

   E.V Ramaswamy Naicker : Wrote powerfully on caste.

   Gangadhar Bhattacharya : Published the weekly newspaper Bengal Gazette.

  Grimm Brothers : In Germany, spent years compiling traditional folk tales gathered from peasants.

   Indran Charivary : A journal of caricature and satire published in the late 19th century.

   Issac Newton : Well-known scientist who could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.

   James Augustus Hickey : Began to edit Bengal Gazette from 1780.

  Johann Gutengerg : Developed the first-known printing press in the 1430s.

  Jyotiba Phule : Wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri, published in 1871.

  Kailashbashini Debi : Wrote books highlighting the experiences of women.

  Kashibaba : A Kanpur millworker published Chotte Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation.

  Kitagawa Utamarao : Known for his contributions to an art form called Ukiyo in Japan.

  Louise Sebastten Mercier : Anovalist in 18th century France. He declared that printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion.

   Manocchino : In the 16th century, a miller in Italy, reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church.

   Marco Polo : A great explorer in the 13th century.

   Martin luther : A religious reformer, wrote Ninety Five Theses, criticising many pf the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. 

   Pandita Ramabai : Wrote passionately about the miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women.

   Raja Ravi Verma : Painter who produces images for mass circulation.

   Ram Chaddha : Published the fall-selling Istri Dharma Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives.

   Rammohun Roy : Social reformer in early 19th century. Published Sambad Kaumudi from 1821.

   Rashsundari Debi : Published her autobiography Amar Jiban in 1876. It was the first full length autobiography published in Bengali language.

   Richard M Hoe : From New York, had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press.

  Shilling series in England     : A series of cheap popular books.

  Tarabai Shinde : Wrote passionately about the miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women.

  Thomas Macaulay : A liberal colonial official, formulated new rules that restored freedom to press.

  Warren Hastings : Governor General of India. He persecuted Hickey.

  William Bentinic : Governor General of India in 1830s.