X Chapter 3.Nationalism in India.X.History.

                         Sub Section- I

               Events and Process, Chapter-3           

                     Nationalism in India

    Dates

 1915 January  Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India from South Africa.

1916  Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha movement in Champaran (Bihar).
1917 Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyatraha movement in Kheda district (Gujarat).
1918  Mahatma Gandhi organised Satyagraha movement in Ahmedabad.

1919 Government of India Act passed.

1919 Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against  the proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).

1919,April 13,  Jalianwalla Bagh massacre took place.

1918-19 Distressed UP peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra

1920,October Oudh kisan Sabha headed by Jawaharlal Nehru set up.

1920,December  Congress session at Nagpur, where the non-cooperation movement  was adopted.

  1921,January 6 Police in UP fired at peasants near Rae Bareli.

   1921,January   Beginning of Non-cooperation  Khilafat Movement.

 1922,February:- Chauri Chaura; Gandhiji withdraws Non-cooperation Movement.

  1924,May  Alluri Sitarama Raju arrested,ending a two-year armed tribal struggle.

  1928 Hindustan socialist Republican Army was founded.

1928  Simon Commission arrived in India.

1929,April  Bhagat singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb.

1929,October Dominion status offered to India by Lord lrwin.

   1929,December Lahore dession of congress; congress adopts the demand for Purna  Swaraj.

 1930,January 26 Celebreated as the Independence day.

 1930,January 31  Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy lrwin, stating eleven demands.

 1930,April 6  The salt march reached Dandi;Gandhi violated the salt law.

 1930 April  Abdul Ghaffar khan was arrested.

  1930  Sir Muhammad lqbal, as president of the Muslim    League, reiterated the importance of separate elctorates

     for Muslims.

     1930 Ambedkar established Depressed classes Association.

     1931 March 5 Gandhi-lrwin pact signed.1931 December:- Gandhi paticipated in the round Table conference in London.

    1932 Civil disobedience re-launched.

    1932 September:- Poona Pact signed.

   Terms

 Begar: Labour that villagers were forced to contribute without any any payment.

 Boycott: That refusal to deal and associate with people,or participate in activities, or buy and use things; usually, a  Form of protest.

 Cummunalism: A belief that religion is the principal basis of community.

 Forced Recruitment : A process by which the colonial state forced people to jointhe army.

 Militant Guermilla: An armed underground rebel.

 Picket: A form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop , factory or office.

 Satyagraha: It emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.

 Secularism: A belief that does not discriminate between persons on the basis Religious beliefs.

   Events

     All Parties Conference:it was held in 1928 to negotiate over

The question of representation of central assembly of proportion to the population in the Muslim- dominated provinces (i.e., Bengal and Punjab). The negotiations failed.

    Chauri Chaura Incident: It took place in 1922 in Gorakhpur.

A peaceful demonstration in turned into a violent clash with

the police resulting in the death of 22 policemen hearing of

the incident Mahatma Gandhi  called a halt to the non-cooperation Movement .

  Civil Disobedience Movement,1929: People were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, but also to break coloniallaws.

 Gandhi-Iarwin Pact: It was signed on March 5, 1931.Gandhiji

Consented to participate in a Round Table Conference that

was organized at London .

 Jallianwala Bagh Incident :  It took place on April 13,1919.

Martial law had been imposed in the city General Dyer opened

fire on people gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala-

Bagh, killing hundreds.

 Khilafat : The Ottoman Turkek was defeated in the First World

War .There were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going

to be imposed on the khalifat,  the Ottoman emperor and the

spiritual head of the Islamic world.To defend the khalifa`s

temporal power, the khilafat Movement was started. Congress

decided to support the movement.

 Lahore Sessions of Congress: It was held in December 1929

under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. The Congress

formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence

for India.

 Militant Guerrilla Movement: It spread in the early 1920s in the

Gudem  Hills of  Andhra Pradesh.

  Non-Cooperation Movement: It started in January 1921. Initially it began in cities. Schools, colleges and courts were

Boycotted; council elections were boycotted; foreign cloth 

burnt inhuge bonfires. In the rural areas, it drew in its fold the struggles of peasants and tribals.

  Oudh Kisan Sabh: It was set up in October 1920.The movement here was against talukdars and landlors.

  Poona Pact: It was signed in September 1932. It gave the Depressed classes (later to be known as the scheduled Castes)

  Second Round Table Conference :The Second Round Table Conference was organised in Londan in December 1931.

    Gandhiji Participated in it, but with no results.

    Salt March: Held by Mahatma Gandhi, it reached a coastal village Dandi on      April 6 , 1930. Gandhi violated the Salt Law here.

  Statutory Commission: It was set up under Sir john Simon to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. When the Simon Commission arrived in India , it was greeted with the slogan Go back Simon.

    Persons

   

     Abanindranath Tagore: Painted the famous image of Bharat Mata.

    Abdul Ghaffar khan: A devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi.

    Alluri Sitarama Raju: Led the hill people in revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.

 B.R. Ambedker: Organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930.

 Baba Ram Chandra: A sanyasi, who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labour, led the Awadh peasant’s movement.

 Bal Gangadhar Tilak: A secularist to the core, stood for unity, among all the sections of the community.

 Bankim Chandra Chatterjee: Wrote `Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.

 Batukeswar Dutt: A revolutionary; threw bomb in the Legislative Assembly in April 1929.

 Bhagat Singh: A revolutionary; threw bomb in the Legislative Assembly in April 1929.

 C.R. Das : Formed the Swaraj party.

 General Dyer: Commander of the British forces that opened fire on the enclosed gathering a Jallianwala Bagh on April 13, 1919.

Jawaharlal Nehru: Worked hand in glove with Mahatma Gandhi in the nationalist movement . He became the first prime Minister of independent India.

 Lord lrwin: Viceroy of India.

 M.R. Jayakar: Belonged to the Hindu Mahasabha. He strongly opposed reserved representation of the Muslims in the Cintral Assimbly.

 Mahatma Gandhi: Successfully led the nationalist movement in India to independence.

 Motilal Nehru: Formed the Swaraj paty.

 Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali: Both brothers, Muslim leaders in India ,supported the khilafat Movement.

 Muthammad lqbal: President of the Muslim League in 1930 who fought for separate electorates for the Muslims.

 Natesa Sastri: Published a four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales,the Folklre of southem India.

 Rabindranath Tagore: A nationalist who led the movement for folk revival.

 Sir John Simon: Headed the statutory commission set up by the British government to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

 Subhash Chandra Bose: A leading figure in the nationalist movement.

                      

Brief resume

A growing anger against the colonial government was bringing together various groups and classes of Indians into a common struggle for freedom in the first half of the 20^th century.

Mahatma Gandhi succeeded in channeling peoples grievance into organized movements for independence. Through such movements, the nationalists tried to forge a national unity.

Diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with varied aspirations and expectations freedoms from colonial rules meant different things to different demands of one group did not disappoint another.

Very often, unity between different groups broke down; there would follow faces of disunity and inner conflict between groups.

Chapter-End Exercises with Solutions

        Write in the brief

  
  1.Explain (a).Why is growth of Nationalism colonies linked to an anti-colonial movement?
     Answer:The Growth of nationalism in most parts of the world is
immediately connected to anti-colonial movement.
     Different sections and communities felt oppressed under the colonial
dominations. It is true that the different sections and communities had
different interests. Quite often these interests came into conflict with each
other. Each of them had a different nation of freedom.

    But the oppression by the colonial power was the common link that bond

different communities together. This common bond contributed to the

growth of nationalism.

    Explain (b) How did the first world-war helped in the growth of national movement
in India?

     Answer:The first world-war created hardship and misery for the common

people;

The war led to a huge increase in defense expenditure. This was   

financed by war loans and higher taxes.

Customs duties were raised. Income tax was introduced. This meant higher

burden on all Imports had become costlier; military demands for goods had

phenomenally increased; hoarding and speculation was rampant. As a

result, prices of basic necessities had gone up significantly. This caused

immense hardship.

Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers.Forced recruitment in rural

areas caused widespread resentment.

In short, the First World War created new economic and political situations.

People expected that their misery would and once the war was over. But

these hopes did not materialise.

Obviously, the post-war period provided a fertile ground for the nationalist

movements to flourish and grow.

       Explain (c) Why were Indians outraged by the Rowlatt Act?

            Answer: The Rowlatt Act was was passed in the year 1919 in spite
      of wide spread protest by the Indians.
      The Act was enacted to repress the political activities in India.The
      government could certain political prisoners without trial. It aroused a wave
      of indignation.Protest were organised in various cities. At many place
     workers went on strikes. Alarmed by the popular upsurge, the British
      government followed a ruthless policy by arresting the nationalist leaders.

             The agitation took an ugly turn on 13^th April, 1919. The police, under the

            command of General Dyer, opened fire on a peaceful gathering of people at

            Jallianwala Bagh.The massacre of the innocent people turned the even the

             moderate leaders against the British.

Explain(d)Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw Non-cooperation movement

                  Answer: There are following reasons to withdraw Non-Cooperation

           movement Chauri Chaura is a small town of Gorakhpur district of Uttar            Pradesh.
            The Non-Cooperation movement was at its peak it has evoked countrywide participation.

               The Non-Cooperation movement was designed as a peaceful non-violent method of protest.

                   At this stage, in chauri chaura, people turned violent and set fire to a police station. It caused the death of 22 policemen.

                    Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation movement on account of this violence

                  The incident served to remind the world about the peaceful non-violent agitation of the people of India.

      Q.2. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?
      Answer: The concept of Satyagraha emphasized the need to search of
the truth. It suggested that physical force was not necessary to fight against
injustice of a satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violent methods by
applying to the conscience of the oppressor. Satyagraha was adapted as a
means of struggle for freedom form the British rule.
Satyagraha meant that the use of non-violent legitimate against injustice. It
encompassed all non-violent modes of protest against unjust policies and
practice of the imperials power.
    Gandhiji, very determinedly and consciously, chose satyagraha as a
mode of struggle against the mighty British. Gandhiji was aware that by no
stretch of imagination the British could be defected in an armed struggle.
They could be brought down to their knees in a peaceful non-violent
struggle, about which they were totally ignorant.

       Q.3.Write newspaper report on:
       (a) The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

           Answer: As a mark of protest against Rowlatt Act, it was decided to start

   with a hartal or Strike on April 6, 1919. The strike evoked tremendous

   response among the masses.

             The alarmed British administration responded by repressive measures.
  Martial law imposed and General Dyer took command on April 13, the
 baisakhi day, thousand of people had gathered in a fair at enclosed
 Jallianwala Bagh. Without any provocation and without any warning, General
 Dyer led hisforces to the place, closed all the exit doors to the place and the
  forces opened up indiscriminant firing on the firing on the peaceful gathering.
             As General Dyer admitted, his soul aim was to create in the minds of
  Satyagrahahis a feeling of terror and awe.

      (b) The Simon Commision

           Answer :The British government had appointed a commission under

  the chairmanship of John Simon. It was required to look into the working o

  the government of India act,1919, and Suggested any changes if they were

  necessary.

        The Simon commission arrived in India, in February 1928. It had hostile

        reception at the hand of the Indians.

               The Simon commission was opposed on the   following grounds:

           The commission did not include a single Indian delegate.

           It did not provide any hope of Swaraj to Indians.

  Q.4 Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in chapter 1.

      Answer- (a) By Abanindranath Tagore, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. She is shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing. No caste or community would have any dispute with  such an image.

               (b) The figure of Bharat Mata is a contrast to the one painted by Tagore. Here she is shown with a trishul, standing beside a loin and an elephant-both symbol of power and authority.

               (c) Trishul is a symbol of Hindu velour. Moreover the image in totality is that of a Hindu goddess. Obviously, the image would be repulsive to non-Hindus.
               Likewise, symbols of power and authority are not expected to be looked upon as kindly by the weaker sections of the society.

        Discuss

       Q.(1)   List all the social groups which joined the Non- Cooperation
Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes
and struggles to show why they joined the movement.

             Answer- The non-cooperation movement began in Januar 1921. Various social groups participated in this movement. Each group had its own hopes and aspirations. Among these, we may specifically mention the following

                   (a)Middle-classes in the cities.

                   (b)Peasants and tribals.

                   (c)Plantation workers

                   (a) Middle-classes in the cities-These mainly comprised students,

       teachers and lawyers. They responded enthusiastically to the call for non-cooperation and boycott. They saw the movement as a gateway to freedom from foreign domination.

                 However, the initial enthusiasm gradually slowed down. This is because there were not many alternatives for them to fall back upon. For example, khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. Likewise, students and teachers had no choice but to go back to government schools. Likewise, lawyers had no choice but to go back to court.

                 (b)Peasants and tribals- At many places, peasants joined the non-cooperation movement. The movement was primarily against talukdars and landlords. By swaraj they understood that they would not be required to pay any taxes and that land would be redistributed.

      The peasant movement often turned violent and the peasants had to face bullets and police brutality.

                (c)Plantation workers- Plantation workers too joined the movement led by Gandhi. They had there own understanding of the notion of swaraj. For them, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

     Q.2.Discuss the salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.

     Answer-Mahatma Gandhi wanted to bring together all classes of the Indian society in a united campaign against the British. He found in common salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

    Salt was something that was consumed by the rich and poor alike. It was one of the most essential items of food.

    The Salt Law, then, had two features.

    Tax was levied own salt.

    The government had a monopoly over its production, i.e., nobody else could produce salt. Doing so would be a violation of the law.

          Mahatma Gandhi wrote to Victory Irwin demanding, among other things, abolition of the Salt Law.

          Victory Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. In protest, Gandhi set on what came to be known as Salt March.

          The March began from Gandhi’s ashram in Sabarmati to the costal town of Dandi in Gujarat.

         To begin with 78 of the most trusted volunteers accompanied Gandhi. But as Gandhi marched on, covering a distance of 240 miles in 24 days, thousands of people joined the march.

          He reached Dandi on April 6, 1930. At Dandi, he ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

          This was ignition that the whole nation was waiting for. The collective conscious of the nation got stirred up.

          Salt became a symbol of defiance of the colonial government. Thousands, in different parts of the country, broke the Salt Law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.

          Ones the wave of demonstration against the colonial rule set in it began to assume different shapes in different shapes in different parts of the country. All structures that symbolised British rule became a target of the public anger.

          The British government, out of desperation, responded with a police of brutal repression.

Q.3. im          Q.3.Imagines you are a women participating in the civil disobedience movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.

                     Ans. Women responded in a big way to Ghandhijis call for civil disobedience movement. 

                      They began to see the services to the nation as a sacred duty of women. This was true both of urban and rural women. In urban areas women from high class families joined the movement. 

                     Similarly the rural women came from rich peasants and households.Women participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.However, this increased participation in the public activities did not materially change the perception about womens duties and responsibilities.

                     Ghandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after their homes and families, be good wives.The congress party was reluctant to allow women hold any position of authority within the organisation.                                                  

Q.4.Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?

                     Answer- Each political party works to promote and protect the interests of its constituency. A party may be based on different considerations like caste community, gender, religion, region etc. It would always be interested in reserved seats for its own constituency in different legislative bodies. A separate electorate makes the task all the more easy. But it is obvious that one partys gain will be anothers loss. Therefore, in order to protect their own interest, political leaders differed sharply over the question of separated electorates.

                     For examples:-

                    (a) Gandhi and other leaders off the Congress could visualize that separate electorates would weaken the national movement. The British would continue to enjoy the fruits of there policy of divide and rule. 

                    (b)The muslim leaders, like jinnah and muhammed iqbal asked for separate electorates to safeguard the interest of the muslim. They felt that the majority of the people were hindus and so in case of joint electorates, the muslim would have little chance of winning in the election. They would always be at the mercy of the majority community.

                   (c)  Ambedkar and other leaders of the depressed classes also demanded separate electorates. They also felt that the depressed classes will always be at the mercy of the upper caste hindus.Thus, while the congress insisted on joint electorates, others pressed their demand for separate electorates.
Project

                    Project Find out the anti colonial government in Kenya.Compare and contrast India's national movement with the ways of kenya became independent.

      Activity

     Activity:-Q.read the text carefully. What did mahatma Gandhi mean when he said satyagraha is active resistance?
    Ans. (i) satyagraha does not mean to conflict pain on the adversary rather it is the source of soul.

            (ii) truth is the substance of soul and so it is the substance of satyagraha.
            (iii) it does not mean destruction but it means to clear the minds of adversaries and convert distructive thoughts into constructive by showing them love, compassion and truth.
           Hence, satyagraha is active resistance.

  Activity:-Q. if you were a peasants in uttar Pradesh in 1920, how would you have respondedto gandhijis call for swaraj? Give reasons for your response.

   Ans. I would have responded to gandhijis call for swaraj in a positive non-voilence manner. His way of truth and non-voilence was the most potent way of attain swaraj, therefore, I would have followed him.

  Discuss:- Q.Why did various classes and groups of Indians participated in the civil disobedience movement?

Ans.The various classes and groups of Indians participated in the civil disobedience movement

Due to their own, limited motives. To them, swaraj meant something they carved for. For examples:

        (i) to businessman, swaraj meant a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints.

        (ii) Similarly to rich peasants classes, swaraj was a struggle against high land revenue.

        (iii)  Women took swaraj as the attainment of elevated status and equality with men in Indian society.

        (iv) Poor peasants considered swaraj as the time when they would have their own land , would not have to pay rents or do beggar.

         (v) Working class dreamed for high wages and excellent working conditions.Hence, swaraj was different for different classes  and groups of Indians.

     Discuss:-Q. read the source d carefully. Do you agree with iqbals idea of communalism? Can you defined communalism in a different way?

     Ans. (i) no, I do not agree with iqbal’s idea of communalism as it was based upon the thought that India is a land of racial and religious variety.

        (ii) that does not really mean that India needed any type of communal settlement or division on the basis of community.

        (iii) according to me, communalism in the government of a specific community. It does not have any element of nation in it, which was the motive of nationalist struggle for indias freedom.

  

   Activity:-Q. look at figure 12 and 14. do you think the images will appeal to all castes and communities? Explain your views briefly.

        Ans. (i) no, i do not think that these images would appeal to all castes and communities of India.
        (ii) Because, these images of “bharat mata” show her in the incarnation of a Hindu goddess.
        (iii) This gives a religious biasness to the image. It should be avoided. The image should reflect the nationalist ideas of unity of all castes and communities.

       Class Work
       Nationalism: It is an intense feeling of oneness and feeling love towards nation causes and reasons of nationalism. Causes

 a.Political causes

   Doctrine of lapse by Lord Cornwallis.
   Subsidiary alliance by Lord Wellesley.

   Foundation of Indian national congress (1885).

   Discontinuation of pension, titles ETC.

   Nawabs, chieftains and ruler without having their natural heir were disposed.

 b.Economic causes

    Exploitative policy of Britishers.

    Draining of wealth and economic resources to feed their mother industries.

    Fall in agricultural production.

    Repressive revenue policy.

    Destruction of Indian cottage industries, unemployment among artisans, soldiers and other small officials.

 Religious and social cause

        Unnecessary interference in socio-religious system against polygamy,
child marriage, sati pratha, adaptation, windows repression, untouchability
and casteism.
    Ill treatment given by the Britishers to comman Indian.
    Discriminatory policy of Britishers against the Indians.

Intellectual cause

       Role of philosophers, thinkers and reformers to took  forth the
renaissance among the Indians as Raja Ram Mohan Roy,Vivekanand,
Jyotiba Phule,Mahadev Govinda Ranade, Mahatma Gandhi, Ishwar
Chandra Vidyasagar.

 Birth of Indian National Congress

        Foundation year: 1885 at Bombay.

        Founder : A.O.Hume

        Others: Surendranath Banarjee, Phiroj Shah Metha,
Dada Bhai Naroji, K.T.Tailang ETC.
The motive behind formation of INC was to bring the
Indians on the common platform. Moreover, the inside
motive was to form such a party of Indians which would
support the Britishers. This aim was fulfilled to some extant
upto moderate phase. But, with the beginning of Radical
phase, the aim was completely overlooked. It’ first
session was held in Bombay which was presided over by
Womesh Chandra Banerjee with 78 members.

    Moderate phase:

  Initial demands of moderate phase

   1. Representation of Indians in the Constituent Assembly.

   2. Examination centers for ICS exams to be held in India         3. Lessening the British expenditure.

   4. Encouragement in trading, agriculture and industry.

   Great leaders of Moderate phase
   Gopal Krishna Gokhale, phiroj shah metha, Dada bhai naraoji, mahadev govinda ranadev Etc.

    Radical phase

        Beginning: 1905-1916

        Leaders: Lala Lajpat Rai, Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin
 Chandra Pal,Aurvindo Ghosh Etc.

    Extremist phase

1.Boycott

2.Promotion of nationalism approaches.

3.Slogans like swaraj is my birth right.

Method

2.Their method was agitational method supporting strikes, boycott and self dependence.

Main events during Radical Phase

1.1905- Anti-partition movement, Swadeshi Movement.

Ghandhian phase

Period: - 1917 onwards

Introduction: Mahatma Ghandhiji was a great leader born on 2nd October in Porbandar in Khathiwar district of Gujarat. He was given the title of by Rabindranath Tagore. His political guru was Gopal Krishna Gokhale. He began his political career in India in 1919.

Weapons:

    1.Non-violence- it stands for no use of violent to carry out any agitational activity. It stresses upon no harm to others.

   2.Truth-ghandhiji believed that truth is the strongest

weapon to with all the enemies of the world. Truth means
to realize in its real & original form.
   3.Styagraha- it means holding fast for the truth. It is not a

physical force that has no ill will. It is a force that
generates inside the soul.As we know that truth is the main
substance of soul.
       That is why this force is known as satyagrah.In it,once
a flame of love and non-violence is the supreme dharma.

      Ghandhiji experienced this soul force in different movement.His followers achieved this goal through this purest weapon. In India first instance can be noticed in the Champaran Satyagrah Movement in 1917, Non-Cooperation Movement in 1919 etc.
     4.Non-cooperation- this was the method of protest against the governments by not supporting in its functioning.

    Works:-
    1.Mahatma Ghandhiji started the first movement in champaran in 1917 against the forceful cultivation of indigo by the Britishers. He was there successful in getting some relaxation for indigo planters.
    2.The next step which he took for the –peasants and mill workers were undertaken in Allahabad and kheda district of Gujarat in 1918. This movement prepared the ground for the first mass movement, the non cooperation movement.
   3.Ghandhiji launched Non-cooperation Movement  in 1919  due to Rowaltt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Incident (13 April 1919) and disintegration of Ottoman Empire. It was also a result of failure of governments of India act 1919. it was withdrawn due to incident in Chauri-Chaura that took place Feb 1922. it is major outcome was the unity shown by most Indians. 

   4.his fourth mass undertaking was Civil Dis obedience Movement (1930) which started due to Simon Commission, Salt Act, failure of round table conference. Dandi march was its famous achievement. It resulted in the reformation of laws especially salt act. It also resulted in the government of India act- 1935
   5.his last mass undertaking was the Quit India Movement
1942. it was the final revolution by Indians. It resulted in
the formation of free democracy of India.

    The Rowaltt Act- It was passed in 1919 through the imperial legislative council, despite the united opposition of Indian members. It gave the enormous power to repress the political activities, and allow detention political prisioner without trial for two years

    Consequence - There was nation wide protest styagraha against the Rowltt Act by Indian masses.

  Jallianwala Bagh Massacre -It was thirteenth of April 1919 when the infamous jallianwala bagh incident took place.
   General dyre responded with brutal repression it humiliate and terrorize the satyagrahis. The were gathered in jalliawala bagh on baishkhi to show their protest against rowlatt act with satyagraha. 
    Dyer entered the park, block the exit points and opened fire on the crowd killing thousands of people. He was intended to create a feeling of terror and awe in the mind of satyagrahis. 
   Still we can the bullet marks on the wall of jallianwala bagh which is now national memorial. It is situated in Punjab.

    Non Cooperation Movement

    Time-1920-1922 Session- through the Nagpur Session in December 1920,it was declared to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement. Leadership-Mahatma Gandhi

Causes-
a.Opressive policy of British

b.Jallianwala Bagh Incident 13^th April 1919

c.Rowlatt Act (Black Act) of 1919.

d.failure of Government of India Act 1919

e. Disintegration of Ottoman Empire.

 Method:-

a.non-violence and satyagraha with non-cooperating the government

b.Boycott and promotion of self dependence.

   Programmes:-

a. boycott of foreign cloth, british organization,institutions,
schools and colleges.

b. giving up of titles

c. non-payment of taxes, going on strikes.

d. piketing the shops.

   Expansion:-

Movement spread in town and countryside area. Villagers forbid to do beggars for the landowners and talukdars. In hilly areas, they broke immigration act of 1859 by defying authorities.

  Withdrawal:-

The violent incident took place in Churi-Chura (Gorakhpur) on 22th February, 1922. Mahatma Ghandhi withdrawn the movement.

   Result:-

We became much independent and khadi become very popular amongst us.

    Announcement of lord Irwin

Lord Irwin made the Indians satisfied through an announcement in which he claimed to give dominion status for Indian in an unspecified future.

   Simon Commission:-The government f India Act 1919 couldnt fufill the demands of the Indians in reference to self rule and swaraj. 
   In1927, a commission was eastablished under chairmanship of of John Simon broke the lull that occurred after the death of C.R.Das.

   Objective:- Simon came to examine the working of government of India act 1919 and to suggest for the reforms and measures to improve the Indian administration.

   Protest:- Simon commission was protested because all the members of this commission were English men. Therefore, the Indian did not greet the arrivals of Simon commission in India in 1928. Consequently, wherever the Simon commission went, it was welcomed by Protestants and a slogan goes back Simon.

   Demand:-

Some what Indians doubted the aims and objectives of Simon Commission. The English men were not interested in genuine commissional reforms. Indians were feeling that only the Indian member could know the nature of their demands and problems.

   They demanded that the Indian members in the british house of commons like S.P.Sinha must be associated with the associations.

   But the lord Brikehid insulted the Indians with a say that Indian were not competent to discuss their constitutionals reforms.

Lahore Session:-

Date:- 31^st December, 1929

Place:- Lahore near the bank of river ravi(.

President:- J.L.Nehru

Resolutions:-1.We Indians will be celebrating 26^th January as our proposed independence day.

2.Demand of purna swaraj or complete independence.

3.To take a place for launching next mass movement for
gaining thje ultimate desire for the complete independence.

Result:-Beginning of civil disobedience movement.

   Puna pact:-B.R.Ambedkar organized dalits into the  depressed clss association in 1930.
   It clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at second round table conference. He demanded the separate electorates for dalits, when the British government considered Ambedkar's demand. Gandhiji began a fast unto the death. He believed that the separate electorates for dalits would hamper the integration and harmony of the society.

   Therefore, Ambedkar was sympatherised to sign the Poona pact in September- 1992

    Features:-It gave the different class reserved seat in provincial, central legislative council. But they were to be voted by general electorate.

    Sevagram Ashram :-It is an ashram organized by Mahatma Gandhi. It is located in wardha, Gujrat.

Gandhi-Irwin pact:-This pact was sign between lord Irwin and Mahatma Gandhi on 5^th of March, 1931 wiith these features.

   (a)Gandhiji decided to participate in second round table conference.

   (b)Lord irwin gave his concent to release. Some political prisoners.

       Result:-

    In December 1931,Gandhiji went to London but returened disappointed because negotiations were broken down.

    Abanindra Nath Tagore He was famous oainter. He painted the famous image of Bharat Mata.

    In this painting, Bharat Mata is postrayed as an ascetic figure.She is calm composed and spiritual.

In one of the figure Baharat Mata is shown with a trishul standing beside the lion and an elephant both symbol of power and authority. 

    Development of tricolour flag:-

During the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag was designed. It had 8 lotuses that representing Hindus and Muslim.
    By1921,Gandhiji has designed to swaraj flag. It had tricolour red, green and white. It had a spinning wheel in the centre representing the gandhian ideal of self-help. carrying the flag , holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

   Towards Civil Disobedience Movement

   Formation of Swaraj Party:-Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation movement.Possibly many leaders were not at one for the withdrawal of non cooperation movement.

   Many leaders decided to contest assembly election. Therefore, they formed the swaraj party.

  Founder:- C.R.Das and Motilal Nehru.

  Founded in:- 1922-1923

  Objective:-To seek the in the assembly and to restore the policies of consistent obstruction to make the government through the assembly.

  Result:-In 1923, election was held swarajist contested for many seats and occupied.

  With the untimely demise of Chittranjan Das in 1925, the swaraj faded away and intermixed with congress.

    Arrival of simon commission Recommendation:-

    1.It recommended special powers to the executive heads both at centre and at provinces on the issue of giving self rule to the Indian.

    2.Its recommendation included the widening of electoral based communal basis.

    3.It reduces the power of home government on Indian affairs and giving representation to princely states.

   4.Ghandhiji accepted it as a post date cheat.

   Madras session:- Timing:-1927
   Motive:- a resolution of complete independence was
passed.

   Lahore Session:-Timing:-1929.River Ravi.
J.L.Nehru.Complete independence was passed

   Civil Disobedience Movement In the countryside, rich peasants called patidars were active in this movement. In their opinion, the struggle of swaraj was against high revnues but they remained disappointed.
   The peasants supported radical movements favored by socialist and communist.
   The business man participated in the  movement by reacting against the colonial policies that restricted their business activities.
   They formed the Indian industrial and commercial congress in 1925
   Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce in 1921.

   They took the by not accepting the the imported goods.

   The industrial workers did not participate in large sections. However,the railway workers in 1930 dock worker in 1932 mine worker in Chotanagpur participated in the protest.
   Thousands of women took part actively by manufacturing salt picketing cloths and liquor shops.

    Limitation of the civil disobedience movement:-

Not all the groups were moved towards the concept of swaraj.
   Untouchables called dalits don’t form the main streams of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

    As they were keen in solving their problems by demanding a separate electorate. So,the dalits participation was limited.

    Puna pact:-With due effort of Ghandhiji, there was an agreement.Leaders:-Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naudu, frontier Gandhi Abdul Gaffar Khan.

   Beginning of Dandi March (12^th March 1930). Ghandhiji reached Dandi with 78 volunteers on 6^th of April, a coastal village 240 miles away from Sabarmati Ashram.

Programme:-

1.He broke the salt law.

2.Violation of law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea
water.

3.To break the colonial law made by the britishers.

4.To start non-cooperation with boycott movement.

5.Refusal to pay taxes and revnues.

6.Resignation from the village officials from the post.

Places:- Peshawar, Sholapur, Agra, Barbanki, Rai Baraeli, north western frontier provices, Karnatka. Incident taking place:-

   First Round Table Conference:1930

cogress refused to take part in first round table conference which decided to look into the working of simon commission.

  Second Round Table Conference:-1931
After the Gandhi-Irwin pact mahatma Gandhi consented to
take part in the second round table conference. He went to
London being the representative of cogress but he came
back to India empty handed.

    Relaunching of Civil Disobedience Movement:- 1934
and then it lost momentum

   Execution of Sardar Bhagat Sigh,Suskdev and Rajguru
on 23^rd March 1931 for the involvement in the London
conspiracy.
   
  Participation: -They participated in the movement with great enthusiasm.