X Chapter 2.The Nationalist Movement in Indo China.X.

                 

                  Sub Section-I, Events and Process

                                   Chapter-2

             The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

       Dates

      1802  nagyyen becomes an emporer ' symbolising the unification of the country under the Nguyen dynsty

     1858  french tools landed in vietnam by mid-1880

     1867  Cocinchina becomes a French colony

     1868 scholars revolt led by officals at imperial court  angered by the spread of catholicism and french power .

     1873  francis garnier was commissioned by the french to establish a french colony in tonkin

    1889  french indo china was formed

    1902  rat hunt started to check the invasion of hanoi by rats

   1903  formation of revolutionary society

   1905  phan bhoi chau met the chinese reformer lian qichao in yokohama

   1907  japan defeated russia

   1907-08  vietnamese students go to japan

   1908  vietnamese students establish a branch of revolutionary society  in tokyo

   1910  the railway line connecting vietnam and china was completed

   1991  monarchy in china was overtrown by a popular moment

   1930  ho chi minch brought together competing nationalist group to establish the vietnamise communist party

   1940  japan occupied vietnam

   1945  the league of independence of vietnam fought the japanese occupation and recaptured hanoi.

   1954  the french was defeated by vietnam at dien vien phu

   1961  president kennedy decides to decrease  US military aid to south vietnam.

   1965 -72  america entered in war with in vietnam and ultimately lost.

   1974  paris peace treaty signed

   1975  NLF entered Saigon

1976   the socialist republic of vietnam was unified

    Terms

    Agent Orange: A defoliant, a plant killer; so nailed because it was stored in drums marked with an orange band

   Civilising Mission: Mission to transplant advanced civilisation in a backward region.

   Colony: A group of settlers in a new (already inhabited) country, fully subject to control by the mother country; e.g. India was a colony of Britain.

   Concentration Camp: A prison where people are detained without due process of law. The word evolves an image of a place of torture and brutal treatment.

   Indentured Labour:A form of labour widely used in the plantations in the mid-l8th century. Labourers worked on the basis of contracts that did not specify any rights of labourers but gave immense power to employers. Employers could bring criminal charges against labourers and punish and jail them for non-fulfilment of contracts. 

   Khmer Cambodians: Refers to non-Vietnamese people.

   Mother Country: A country in relation to its colonies; the former exercises full control over the latter

   Naplam: An organic compound used to thicken gasoline for firebombs. The mixture burns slowly and, when it comes in contact with surfaces like the human body, it sticks and continues to burn.

   Obscurantist: A person or idea that misleads.

 
  Syncretic Traditions: These seek to bring together different beliefs and practices, seeing their essential unity rather than their differences

      Persons

      Bao Dai: The French tried to regain control of Vietnam by imposing him as their puppet. He was put in power in South Vietnam after the division of Vietnam.

     Colons: Name by which the French citizens living iii Vietnam were known.

    Confucius (551—4 79 BCE): A Chinese thinker. He developed a philosophical system based on good conduct, practical wisdom and proper social relationships.

    Do Sam: A colonel in the North Vietnamese artillery regiment. He was part of the Tet Offensive started in 1968 to unify North and South Vietnam.

    Father Bode: A catholic missionary who was executed in Vietnam 

    Francis Gamier  A French officer who led a French attack against the ruling Nghyen dynasty; was killed in the fight.

   General Henry Navarre: Supreme French Commander of the French Armies in 1953. The French army suffered defeat at the hands of Vietminh

       Activity

   Q.Imagine you are a student in the Tonkin Free School in 1910. How would you react to :

(i)     What the textbooks say about the Vietnamese?

(ii)    What the school tells you about hairstyles?

    Ans.(i) The textbooks of the Tonkin Free School are highly
 biased. They are a medium to spread French culture at the
 cost of Vietnamese. They present an unacceptable picture of
 Vietnamese by calling them “ Skilled Copyists” . I would
 condemn these textbooks.
          (ii) Hairstyle is an individual’s personal matter. It is
only he himself or his family members, who decide about the
hairstyle. The schools do not have responsibility of dictating
terms of keeping hairstyles. They should rather focus upon
their education. Therefore, I would not accept Tonkin Free
Schools terms on hairstyles.

      Q.What does the 1902 plague and the measures to
control it tell us about the French colonial attitude towards
questions of health and hygiene?

     Ans.The French colonial attitude towards questions of
health and hygiene was totally irresponsible and
unacceptable by any standards.

     Q.What ideas did Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh
share in common? What did they differ on ?

   Ans.Both, Phan Boi Chau and Phan Chu Trinh, wanted to
support French colonial government of Vietnam. They
wanted to free their motherland, but their idea have common
as will as contradictory elements. These were as under
       (i)  Common elements of Chau and Trinh-
       (a)Both wanted to free their motherland.
       (b)Both believed in nationalist ideals.
       (ii) Uncommon or contradictory elements or Chau and
Trinh-
       (a)Chau had anti-French alliance with the elite classes of
Vietnam and China. He even set up a revolutionary society
with a prince as its head. On the contrary Trinh always opposed alliance with monarchy or the elite classes.

(b)   Chau was inclined towards Chinese culture. Trinh was inelined towards ideals of French revolution such as liberty and was in favour of western culture.

(C)  Chau never appreciated or demanded reform of legal , educational or agricultural spheres as was done by French. Trinh wished that these fields should be reformed by the French authorities .

      Exercise

      Write in Brief :

      Q.1. Write a note on :

(a) What was meant by the ‘Civilising mission’ of the colonizers

(b) Hyn Phu So

       Ans.(a)(i) The ‘Civilising mission’ of colonizers meant the spread of western ideas

culture, thoughts, education language, science and logic in the colonies.

(ii) Due to this, French established many schools in Vietnam, Where, Science, Philosophy and French were tought.
(iii) But this mission has averse effect, as it spread western culture, at the cost of local Vietnamese culture, which was often laughed at by the colonizers.
(b) (i) Hynh Phu so was the leader of Hoa Hoa movement, It was an anti-French religious movement of Vitetnam.
(ii) It began in 1939. Huynh performed miracles and helped the poor.
(iii) He criticized useless expenditure and opposed the sale of child brides,gambling and the use of alcohal and opium.
 (iv) French declared him mad and named him Mad Bonze.
(v) In 1941 he was exiled to laos and his followers were sent to concentration camps.

        Q.2.Explain the following :

       (a) Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examinations.

       (b)The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.

        (c) The government made the Saigon Native Girls schools take back the students it had expelled.

        (d)  Rats were most common in the modern, newly build areas of Hanoi.

              Ans. (a) Only one-third of the students would pass the school-leaving

              examinations because more umber of qualified Vietnamese students will give competition to French students in well-paid jobs. This, the colonial French government never wanted to happen and failed high number of Vietnamese students to prevent their entry in employment.

              (b)Mekong delta was world famous rice producing delta. French government made huge profits by exorting rice produced there as it was a very fertile land. Therefore, canals and draining lands were build in the Mekong delta.

             (c)The expelled student’s issue has snowballed into a huge protest. This made French government bow down to the pressure of Vietnamese and it ordered Saigon Native Girls School to take back the Students it had expelled

            (d)Rats breeded in thousands of numbers in the underground sewer pipelines of the modern, newly build area of Hanoi, as the pipelines of the modern, newly build area of Hanoi, as the pipelines provided the most suitable place for them.

          Q.3. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin Free School.To what extent was it a typical example of colonial ideas in

       Vietname?

           Ans.(i) The main idea bidhind the Tonkin Free School ws the “civilizing mission”.

              (ii) French colonial government decided to teach French and science philosophy and the western culture, in the French medium. Thus, the Tonkin Free School camp up.

              (iii)  It used the biased textbooks that laughed at the Vietnamese culture.

             (iv) They looked down at the Vietnamese people as “Skilled Copyists” one who have manual power rather than intellectual power.

              (v)  Tonkin Free School also promoted western culture by modern lifestyle as it was compulsory for every vietnamese students to have modern dress and short hair-cut. This, according to schools would give the feeling of modernism to the students.

             (vi)     The Tonkin Free School was an extreme example of colonial ideas in Vietname.

     Q.4.What was Phan Chu trinh’s objective for Vietnam?  How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau?

    Ans.(i) Trinh was a nationalist who wanted to free Vietnam from France.

    (ii)He actually wanted all progressive activities, initiated by French, to continue in the democratic republic that he wished to establish.

   (iii)On the other hand, Chau also wanted to before Vietnam from France. But he thought of establishing Chinese traditional rule in Vietnam.

   (iv) He basically wanted to win freedom with the help of
monarchy and Vietnamese elite.

   (v)Whereas Trinh was against monarchy and opposed the
help of monarchy of Vietnamese elite in the freedom
struggle.

     Discuss

     Q.1.With reference to what you have read in this chapter,
discuss the influence of China on Vietnam’s culture and life.

    Ans.Vietnam was ruled by Chinese dynasties for a long
time before France could colonise it. Therefore, the Chinese
culture had an immense influence on Vietnam’s culture and
life. For example,
    (i) Chinese religion Confucianism was practicised in
Vietnam alongwith Buddhism and other local religious
practices.
    (ii)  Vietnamese intellectuals like Phan Boi Chau depended
upon Chinese help in fighting for Vietnam’s freedom.
    (iii)      In the ancient times also Women heroes such as
Trung sisters and Trieu Au fought against Chinese rule. This
gave Vietnamese the idea of fighting against enemies. Their
deeds and actions inspired many nationalists of 20^th Century
in Vietnam.
   (iv)     In the 20^th century, Vietnamese nationalists were
highly influenced by success of communism in china. Ho Chi
Minh a great communist Nationalist of Vietnam, based his
freedom struggle against French, on communism.
   (v)  Later Ho Chi Minh established north Vietnam as a
communist democratic republic. His effort of uniting north and
south Vietnam proved frutitious.
   Q.2.What was the role of religious groups in the
development of anti colonial feeling in Vietnam.
  Ans.(i) Religious groups played a vital role in the
development of anti-colonial feeling in Vietnam.
       (ii)The anti-French religious movement Hoa Hoa was a
bright example of this.
       (iii) It was led by Hyn Phu So in 1939, he had many
followers. He even converted doctors and French doctors.
       (iv) the Scholars Revolt of 1968 was also an anti-French
or anti-Christianity movement which mobilised many
Vietnamese against French.
      (v) The revolutionaries killed thousands of Catholics in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces.
     (vi) French crushed this uprising. Yer no one could under
estimated the significance of these movements in raising
anti-imperialist sentiments.

     Q.3. Explain the causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect did this involvement have on life within the US itself ?
    Ans.The main cause of US involvement in the
Vietnamese war was spread of communism there. US
never wished communism to spread any where in the world. It liked to contain it. Therefore, US sent military forces in Vietnam and the US-Vietnam war commenced.

    The war had following effects on life within the US :
    (i) Many US citizens criticized US government’s policy
of war.
   (ii)The war was televised through news. This earned

the international condemnations to US for its brutality in
Vietnam.
   (iii) The young people were commissioned for war. When
the young soldiers began to die, their  recruitment became
 big problem.
   (iv)The young people from elite class of US were left
over and poor young men were recruited in military.
   (v) Hollywood movie maker criticized as well as
supported the US war in Vietnam by producing films base
on it.
  Q.4. Write an evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the
US from the point of

  (a) a porter on the Ho Chi Minh trail

  (b) a women solider .

   Ans.(a) Porter’s View : The war was highly destructive.
But it has united all the Vietnamese in the one thread of
nationalism. Many US planes have been shot down and
military men have been killed. Many more would be killed
in future. It is the war of truth with false. US will face
defeat.
    (b) Woman Soldier’s View :- The oppression of US
military force would not calm down our high aspirations.Our victory over US soldiers is decided. We shall win .

       Q.5.What was the role of women in the anti-imperial
  struggle in Vietnam? Compare this with the role of women
  in the nationalist struggle in India.

       Ans.The women played a vital role in the anti-imperial
  struggle in Vietnam. For example :
      (i)The ancient legends of heroic Vietnamese women like
  Trung sister and Trieu Au inspired many 20^th century
     Vietnamese nationalists.
     (ii) When the casualities of men increased,  Vietnamese
women recruited themselves into police, military, porters,
transporters and professionals .
    (iii) The women warriors of Vietnam took iron from US
soldiers. They shot down jets, fought one-on-one beetle,
carried weapons and hammer in their hands.
    (iv) When the war was over, peace prevailed, women were
symbolized not as warriors, but as workers. They were
shown working in agricultural fields, factories, production
units etc.
     The women participation in India’s national freedom
 struggle was not less than the Vietnamese women. Indian
women also fought war (INA) and participated in
Satyagrahas led by Gandhi.

    Additional  Question

    Short Answer Type Questions ( 30 Words)

    Q.1.How many countries comprised Indo-China ?

    Ans.(i) Indo-China comprised of three countries.

           (ii) These were Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

    Q.2.What was the status of Vietnam in its earlier history ?

    Ans.(i) In the earlier historical times, Vietnam was ruled by
  the Chinese empire.

       (ii) Vietnam also enjoyed an active maritime silk trade
  from its ports . 

       (iii) Its land trade routes connected it to the Khmer
  Cambodian People.

    Short Answer Type Questions ( 60-80 words)

   Q.3.How was rice production increased in Vietnam during
early 20^th Century ?
   Ans.The French government of Vietnam build canals and
 draining lands in the Mekong delta. Its main purpose was to
increase rice cultivation. Through the system of irrigation
works, production of rice in Vietnam increased, as follows:
   (i) The area under rice cultivation went up from 2,74,000
hectares in 1873 to 1.1 million hectares in 1900 and 2.2
million in 1930.
   (ii) By 1931, Vietnam became the third largest exporter of
rice in the world.

   Q.4.What did French government do to improve
infrastructure in colonial Vietnam?
    Ans.The French government of colonial Vietnam did the
following things to improve the infrastructure :
    (i)It began the construction of trans-Indo-China rail network
    (ii)This network was to connect Southern and Northern
Parts of Vietnam and China.
    (iii)Vietnam was connected to Yunan in China and to Siam
(Thailand) via the Cambodian Capital Phnom Penh.

     Long Answer Type Question (100-125 Words)
    Q.5. Give a brief account of Hoa Hoa movement in
Vietnam.
    Ans.Hoa Hoa movement was an anti-french religious
movement founded by Huynh Phu So. He began it in 1939 at
the fertile Mekon delta. Hoa Hoa movement had following
features:
    (i)The Hoa Hoa movement drew on religious ideas popular
in anti-French uprisings of the 19^th century .
    (ii) Its founder Huynh Phy so performed miracles and
helped the poor.
    (iii) He criticized useless expenditure.
    (iv) He also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and
the use of alchohal and opium.
    French authorities caught him and made arrangements to
declare him mad. But he turned the table on them. The
doctors who examined him for madness became his
followers were sent to concentration camps .