Glossary.Class 8.History.Chapter8.The Modern Period

CHAPTER - 1

Modern Period.

Glossary/Hard Words/Meanings
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Glossary/Hard Words/Meanings.
Date ........

Scenario - Noun.(परिदृश्य) A description of what happens.

Chapter , 8
The Modern Period
Key Words
1.Artifact : Noun (कलाकृतियों) An object made by human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest like weapons, jewellery, coins, etc. 
2.Bill : Noun (विल)  A draft of law presented before a law making body for consideration. 
4.Renaissance : Noun (पुनर्जागरण काल) A revival of or renewed interest in something. 
5.Vernacular : Noun.( मातृभाषा) The language or dialect spoken by the common people of a particular country/clan/group. 

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Glossary.

1. Crumble - Verb.( टुकङे-टुकङे हो जाना या कर देना ) To break or make something break into very small pieces.

2. Scenario - Noun. ( भावी घटनाओं का परिदृश्य ) One way that things may happen in the future. 

3. Herald  - Verb.( इस बात का संकेत होना की कुछ घटित होने वाला है ) To be a sign that something is going to happen soon.

4. Exploit - Verb.( दोहन करना )Things exciting or interesting that somebody has done. 

5. Witness - Noun.( गवाह ) A person who sees something happen and who can tell other people about it later. 

Witness - Verb ( किसी घटना का गवाह या साक्षी होना ) To see something happen and be able to tell other people about it later. ,

6. Consolidate - Verb.( पक्का करना ) To become or to make your position of power firmer or strong so that is likely to continue. 

7. Reconstruct - Verb.( नष्ट या क्षतिग्रस्त वस्तु का पुननिरमान करना ) To build again something that has been destroyed or damaged.

8.Consolidate - Verb.( पक्‍का करना ) To become or to make your position of power firmer or stronger so that is likely to continue.

9. Ruthless- Adjective (बेरहम ) Without pity or compassion for others.

10.Discontentment - Noun (असंतोष) Dissatisfaction

11.Colonial power - Noun (औपनिवेशिक सत्ता )The policy or practice of a wealthy or powerful nation's maintaining or extending its control over other countries, especially in establishing settlements or exploiting resources.     

  

Chapter- 8
The Modern Period
Page no.- 96
Glossary.
1.  Administration  - Noun ( शासन प्रबंध ) Management.  
2.  Prose : Noun (गद्य ) Written language not in poetry. 
3.  Biographies : Noun ( जीवन संबंधी ) It is a detailed description of person's life. 
4.  Fervour : Noun ( जोश ) Enthusiasm. 
5.  Vernacular : Noun ( मातृभाषा ) Mother language.          
6. Propaganda : Noun ( प्रचार प्रसार) Publicity. 
7. Repress : Vreb.( रोकना) Prevent. 

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Hard Words.
1.Effective- Adjective ( प्रभाव शाली ).Sufficient. 
2.Settlement -  Noun ( रहन- सहन) To apply any place to live. 
3.Operation - Noun ( काम ) Task.
4.Depend - Verb  ( निर्भर करना)  
5.Experience - Verb  ( मह्सूस करना )  Feel 
6.Exist - Verb ( मौजूद होना) Present 
7.Struggle - Verb  ( संघर्ष करना) To work hard.

Chapter , 8
The Modern Period
Page no 98
Glossary/Words with meaning.
1. Suffering- Noun ( पीड़ा )  The state of undergoing pain, distress or hardship.
2. Imperialism - Noun ( साम्राज्यवाद )  Policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.
Imperialism : Noun ( उपनिवेशीकरण, सैन्य बल के उपयोग, या अन्य साधनों के माध्यम से देश की शक्ति और प्रभाव का विस्तार करने की नीति ) A policy of extending a country's territory and influence through colonization over a weaker country. 
3. Subsequent - Adjective.( आगामी,बाद में  ) Coming after something in time
4. Achievement - Noun ( उपलब्धि ) Thing done successfully with effort, skill, or courage 
5. Revolution - Noun ( एक नई प्रणाली के पक्ष में, एक सरकार या सामाजिक व्यवस्था को जबरन उखाड़ फेंकना ) A forcible overthrow of a government or social order, in favour of a new system.
6. Renaissance - Noun.( किसी वस्तु में पुनरुद्धार या नवीनीकृत रुचि )A revival or renewed interest in something.

Chapter - 12
Impact of British Rule in India
Glossary
Page no. 135
1.Elementary :- Adj.शिक्षा की प्रारंभिक चरणों से संबंधित. connected with the first stages of learning something ; 
2.Sanction:- Verb.मंज़ूरी या संस्वीकृति देना.  To give official permission for something ; 
3.Etiquette:- Noun. शिष्टाचार The rules of polite ; 
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1.Civilise : Verb.सभ्य बनाना. To bring (a place or people) to a stage of social and cultural development considered to be more advanced. 

2.Commodities : Noun  माल. A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee. 

3.Vernacular : Noun.मातृभाषा. The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

4.Missionaries : Noun. मिशनरियों.  A person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country.

5.Viceroy : Noun.सूबेदार.  A ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign. 

6. Revolutionary : Noun.क्रांतिकारी. Engaged in or promoting political revolutions.

7. Inferiority :  Noun.हीनता. The condition of being lower in status or quality than another or others.

8. Inculcate :Verb.मन में बैठाने.  Instill (an idea, attitude, or habit) by persistent instruction 

9. Dignity : Noun. गरिमा.  The state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect.

10. Prejudice : Noun पक्षपात. preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. 

11. Surge : Verb.महोरमी  Of a crowd or a natural force move suddenly and powerfully forward or upward 

12.Fraternity : Noun.बिरादरी. A group of people sharing a common profession. 

13.Reforms : Noun.सुधार. Make changes in (something, especially an institution or practice) in order to improve it. 

14.Indigenous : Adj.स्वदेशी.  Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native 

15.Glorify : Verb.गौरवान्वित करना.  Describe or represent as admirable, especially unjustifiably

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Social : Adj. सामाजिक

Infant : Noun. शिशु  . 

Ban  : Verb.बन्द करना  Close. 

Law : Noun कानून 

Inhuman : Adj. मानवता के खिलाफ 

Remarriage : Noun. फिर से विवाह 

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Enlighten : Verb.अपेक्षित जानकारी देते हुए किसी बात,विषय या स्थिति की समझ को बढ़ाना.  To give somebody information about a subject or situation so that he/she understands something better 

Upliftment : Noun. उत्थान.  Raise the level of; improve.

Welfare : Noun. कल्याण.   To do well 

Dedicated :  Adj.समर्पित.  Devoted, 

Conference :  Noun सम्मेलन.  Meeting, assembly, 

Gradually :  Adverb.धीरे-धीरे.  Slowly 

Kindle :  Verb.जगाने या प्रेरित करने.To arouse or inspire 

Elite : Noun.विशेषवर्ग 
a select group that is superior in terms of ability or qualities to the rest of a group or society.

Rigid : Adj.कठोर बदलने या अनुकूलित होने में सक्षम नहीं है. Not able to be changed or adapted.

Oppressive : Adj.दमनकारी ,कठोर और सत्तावादी उपचार देना। Inflicting harsh and authoritarian treatment.

Deny : Verb.किसी को देने से मना करना. Refuse to give.

1. Campaign : Verb. किसी लक्ष्य को पाने के लिए योजना-निर् मान.a plan to do a number of things in order to achieve a special aim. 

2. Dominance : Noun.प्रमुखता. Control or power 

3. Propagate Verb.प्रचार करना To produce a new plants from a parent rock.

4. Conversion : Noun एक रूप से दूसरे रूप में परिवर्तित होना.The act or process changing from one form.

5. Escape -Verb.भागना. Leaving from free to depart

6. Oppressed - Adj.पीड़ित Burdened psychologically or mentally.

7. Underprivileged : Adj.शोषित, अल्प अधिकार वाला।Having less money, and fewer rights, opportunities, etc. than other people in society 

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1. Depressed : Adj.उदास.Very Unhappy.

2. Upliftment : Verb.उत्थान करना .To raise 

3. Satire : .Noun.हास्यव्यंग।The use of humour to attack a person

4. Orthodox : Adj.रूढिवादी।that most people  believe 

5. Superstitions : Noun.वहम, अंधविश्वास। excessively credulous belief in and reverence for the supernatural 

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Sage :  Noun.ऋषि  Saint.

Philosopher : Noun. दार्शनिक 

Reformer  : Noun. सुधारक  Correctional

Propagated :  Adjective.प्रसारित  Expanded

Idol  : Noun.प्रतिमा.Statue

Oppressed : Adjective ज़ुल्म किया हुआ   Devastated

Dignity : Noun प्रतिष्ठा  Status

Upliftment  Noun.उत्थान regeneration

Humiliation : Noun निरादर Dishonor

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1. Stellar : Adj.तारकीय.Relating to a star or stars

2.Companion : Noun.साथी. Person or animal with whom one spends a lot of time or with whom one travels 

3. Upgrade : Verb.उन्नयन करना. Raise to a higher standard, in particular improve  by adding or replacing components 

4. Superstitious : Noun.वहमी. Having or showing a belief in superstitions

5. Remarkable : Adj.असाधारण.Worthy of attention 

6.Strengthen : Verb.मजबूत करना.Make or become stronger 

7.Eradicating :Verb.उन्मूलन करना.To remove or destroy utterly 

8.Enlightened : Adj.प्रबुद्ध.Having or showing a rational, modern, and well-informed outlook 

9.Crucial : Adj.महत्वपूर्ण.Decisive or critical, especially in the success or failure of something 

10.Resistance : Noun.प्रतिरोध.The refusal to accept or comply with something