8.Chapter 10.History.Colonialism Rural and Tribal Societies.

Chapter 10
Colonialism : Rural and Tribal Societies.

Vocabs
Assumption (कल्पना)

Something to know,Dates
1793 The system gave birth to a new class of landlords consisting of the raias and taluqdars called Zamindars.
1820 Under the Ryotwari  System , the tax was not based on the produce , but on the potential  of soil.The ryots were forced to pay revenue  even when there was no crops due to floods,droughts or any other natural calamity.
1822 Mahalwari System by Holt Mackenzi.
1859 The Ryots of Bengal refused to grow indigo and a rebellion broke out in 1859 known as Blue Rebel.
1870 s  Moplahs of South India revolted against the increasing burden of taxation in 1860s and  1870s .
1875  The Deccan Riots  turned violent in 1875 due to rural  indebtedness.
1917-1920 Champaran Satyagrah.At Bihar against the cultivation of indigo and high revenue started in north - west Bihar around 1860 and continued till 1920
1918  The peasents of Kheda opposed the revenue rise.
1920  The kisan movement in Uttar Pradesh demanded the abolition of Zamindari system.
1923-24  Increase in revenue was opposed by farmers of Tanjore in 1923-24.
1923 The first Ryots Association by organized by N.G  Ranga in 1923.
Keywords.
Coercive : using force to persuade  to do something that they are  unwilling to do.
Commercialisation : A process of  introducing a new product in the market for earning profit.
Diplomatic : acting in a way that does not cause offence.
Industrial Revolution : the rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery . It was charecterised by the use of stream power, the growth of factories and the mass production of manufactured goods .
Reserved forests : certain forests were people were not allowed to live , hunt, graze animals, cut wood without permission under the British rule .
Shifting cultivation :  a form of agriculture in which a piece of land is cultivated for a short period , then abandoned and allowed to regain its fertility .
Tribal : a group or community often of  related families , who live together ,sharing the same language , culture and history ,especially those who live in forest .
Something to Know.
A. Tick the correct option. 
1. Under the Mahalwari system, the world Mahal means
 Ans - a group of villages.
2. The Ryotwari System was introduced by 
Ans: Thomas Munro.
3. The other name of Zamindari Bandobast was
Ans: Permanent Revenue system.
4. Who was the leader of the ‘Santhals’ revolt
Ans. Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu.
5. Where did Industrial Revolution begin first 
Ans. England.

B.Fill in the Blanks.
1. English shattered the self- sufficient village or rural economy.
2. Many tribals left forests in search of  work      .
3.  Zamindari System was  introduced  in Bangal  by Lord Cornwallies.
4. Land  revenue  was the biggest source of income for the Company.
5.  Basic or Key  industry started in India after independence.

C. Write True or False for the following statemaent.
1.Before the advent of East India Company,the rural life in India was simple and self-sufficient. True 
2.The British wanted to smuggle and  sell opium in Spain to earn profit . False.
3.Kisan Sabhas were formed in 1930s to support the cause of peasants. False.
4.The Khonds of Orissa practiced shifting agicculture . True.
5.The trbal chiefs lost all their powers and were forced to  a laws made by the British officers in India.  True 

D. Answer the following questions.
Q.1.Highlight the main features of Mahalwari System.
Ans.1.a.It was the modified version of Zamindari system introduced by Holt Mackezie 
b.It was introduced in 1822 in Gangetic valley,North - West provinces,central India and Punjab.
c.It is proved to be a curse for the peasants in the form of impoverishment.The widespread resentment among the farmers of North India between 1830- 1840 was one of the causes of the revolt of 1857.
d.The villages were made responsible for the payment  of land revenue for the forests,and the pastures.

Q.2.Why did the British force Indian farmers to grow commercial crops ?.

Ans.British forced Indian farmers to grow commercial crops because they were the traders and they wanted such agricultural products that could be easily sold in their international market.

These commercial crops as cotton,tea,coffee,sugarcane,rubber,indigo like things were greatly demanded in the European markets.

Q.3.What was the impact of colonial rule on the tribals of India .Mention any three.

the British were destroying their traditional land system.
 Ans.a.The impact of colonial rule was more on the tribal groups.

b.The British had passed the forest laws thus they had lost their natural forest rights.
Most of the forests were declared as the state property, especially, the reserva during the nineteenth century,
c.They lived in jungles,and collected fuels,fruits and berries from the forests and earned livelihood from the jungles.
d.They were involved in rearing silkworms for the  producing of cocoons but paid very less.
e.Many of them were sent to plantation areas by the contractors  at very low wages.
f.They were treated as a bonded labourer and  forced to do Begar.
Q.4.Write short notes on the Birsa Movement.

Ans.But the exploitation by the merchants and the money lenders continued. 
Mundas of Chotanagpur, joined by the Kolarian tribe of the same region, revolted in 1831.The struggle was suppressed by the British forces. 
Birsa Munda,In 1895,a young boy, emerged as hero of tribals.He urged them to continue to work on their own land to earn their living and not to move away.This would end all their sufferings, 
As the Birsa movement spread, the popularity of Birsa Munda also increased.He told his people that land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.
Birsa was jailed for two years but on his release, he instigated the tribals to attack zamindars.
He Birsa Munda raised the white flag as a symbol Raj.This movement ended in  1900 with the death of Birsa. 

Q.5. Highlight any three charges that took place in modern industries in nineteenth century.

Ans.1.Tee became the biggest plantation industry i Assam,Bengal,and south India.And England came the biggest buyer.

2.The others plantation industries were coffee,cinchona and rubber.
3.Industries of cotton, jute and steel developed at a fast rate as there was a great demand of coal,iron and steel.

4.Tata became a very famous company.
5.In the span of time industries of cement.chemicals and sugar industries also took place in India.

E. Answer the following questions .

Q.1. List the main features of permanent settlements. How did the production of opium ,indigo and sugar shot up the profit margins of East-India Company ?

Ans.Permanent settlement was introduced in 1793 in which zamindars were made herrditary for the collection of revenue.

They were made the owners of the lands. They had to send 89% of the total revenue to the British government while their share was about 11%.

They could evict any cultivators in the case of non payment.The farmers were the worst sufferers in this zamindari System.

The farmers were forced to grow only Opium- Bengal, Bihar.,Indigo-Bihar, Bengal,Sugar- Punjab,Haryana as these all crops were as cash crops easily sold in international markets.

So the British encouraged the farmers to grow these crops only.

Q.2. Differentiate between Ryotwari and Mahalwari System.

Ans. Ryotwari system- 

This system of land revenue was introduced in the South India by Thomas Munro in 1820.

I came into effect in Bombay.

It established a direct settlement between the British and royts.

Revenue was directly collected from the royts.

Mahalwari System – 

The Mahalwari System was a modified version of Zamindari System. 

It was started by Holt Mackenzie in 1822.

It was introduced in 1822 in Gangetic valley,North - West provinces,central India and Punjab.

The villages were made responsible for the payment  of land revenue for the forests,and the pastures.

Q.3.How did colonialism systematically destroy Indian crafts and industries ? Explain.

Ans. Britishers were the traders they thought about their selves. 

They destroyed Indian cottage industries and crafts.

They forced Indian farmers to cultivate only cash crops like indigo,ribber,tea,coffee and cotton.

These were necessary raw materials for feeding their own industries set in England.

India became only their mere markets  for the supply of raw materials and selling their furnished goods.

They restricted the Indian goods to be sold in their markets.as they imposed heavy taxes over the products made in India. 

Q.4.How far were British agrigarian and tribal policies responsible for the widespread discontentment of India ? Explain with the help of examples.

Ans.1.Agrigarian policy of the British.
a.Land revenue settlements and their administration led to the Economic exploitation, especially of the rural masses.

b.The land revenue was so high that had to be paid by the farmers at any cases even in natural calmaties. Zamindars were so harsh in collection.

c.In the case of nonpayment their land was confiscated.

d.It is proved to be a curse for the peasants in the form of impoverishment.

e.This led to the widespread resentment among the farmers of North India between 1830- 1840.
Tribal Policy of the British.
a.The impact of colonial rule was more on the tribal groups.

b.The British had passed the forest laws thus they had lost their natural forest rights.
Most of the forests were declared as the state property, especially, the reserva during the nineteenth century,
c.They lived in jungles,and collected fuels,fruits and berries from the forests and earned livelihood from the jungles.
d.They were involved in rearing silkworms for the  producing of cocoons but paid very less.
e.Many of them were sent to plantation areas by the contractors  at very low wages.
f.They were treated as a bonded labourer and  forced to do Begar.

Q.5.Describe any revolts by the tribals against the British.
Answer The Kharwar rebellion of 1870,revolt by Kacha Nagas in 1882, revolt by Santhals of north west Assam and Kukis of Manipur in the year 1917, targeted the British, but they all failed miserably, 
The Kukis of hilly regions of Manipur continued attacking the  British territories from 1829. But they were forced to surrender in 1850. 
The Khonds of Khondmals (near Orissa) revolted against the British in 1846 due to the fear of being annexed. But they could not stand before the might of Britishers. 
The Santhals found  themselves quite helpless against the ruthless exploitation and oppression of the traders and the middlemen. They were expecting the British government to safeguard their interests. When nothing was done, they revolted against the Britishers in 1855 to 1856 under the leadership of Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu.  
Mundas of Chotanagpur, joined by the Kolarian tribe of the same region, revolted in 1831. The struggle was suppressed by the British forces. 
Mundas The name 'Munda' given to the community referring name of its own 'Hodo Ko' meaning 'Human Beings'.
But the exploitation  by the merchants and the money lenders continued.  
In 1895, Birsa Munda, a young boy, emerged as hero of tribals.  He urged them to continue to work on their own land to earn their living and not to move away.  This would end all their sufferings, 
As the Birsa movement spread, the popularity of Birsa Munda also increased.  He told his people that land policies of the British were destroying their traditional land system.  Birsa was jailed for two years but on his release, he instigated the tribals to attack zamindars.  He Birsa Munda raised the white flag as a symbol Raj.  This vement end 1900 with the death of Birsa. 
Additional.Q.6.describe about the peasant revolts. 

Answer The Ryots of Bengal refused to grow indigo and a rebellion broke out in 1859 known as Blue Rebel 

Moplahs of South India revolted against the increasing burden of taxation in 1860s and 1870s . 

The Deccan riots turned violent in 1875 due to rural indebtedness . 

The Peasant Movement of Champaran in north - west Bihar started in 1860 and went on till 1920s.The peasants opposed cultivation of indigo and high taxes . 

Pratapgarh, Rae Bareli ,Sultanpur and Faizabad in Uttar Pradesh witnessed opposition by the farmers against high revenue . 

The Oudh Kisan Sabha was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1920 . Increase in revenue was opposed by farmers of Tanjore in 1923-24 

The first Ryots Association was organised by N.G. Ranga in 1923 . 

The Kisan movement in Uttar Pradesh demanded the abolition of Zamindari system . 

In 1927 at Bardoli , Sardar Patel opposed the increase in revenue by the Bombay Presidency Satyagraha forced the government to revise the revenue . 

The peasants of Kheda opposed the revenue rise.

Additional Q.7.Why were the tribal groups discontented ? 

Answer : a.Ristricted Shifting cultivation because it was difficult to control the movement of tribals.  But the tribals was to continue shifting cultivation.The changes made in the forest laws by the British made the forests which produced timber.Many tribals had to move to other areas in search of livelihood.th life very difficult.
b.Forest laws : Most of the forests were declared as the state property, especially, the reserva during the nineteenth century, when the demand for the forest produce increased, the trader and the moneylenders took advantage of the situation.
c.Advantages taken by the money lendrs : They went to the tribals and offered then let us take the case of the Santhals of Hazaribagh (Jharkhand & West Bengal), who reared silkworm for the production of cocoons.When the demand for Indian silk increased, efforts were made to follow the laws made by the British created a shortage of labourers to cut trees for the railway sleepers and to transport logs.They gave them cash loans at high rate.They also asked them to work for wages.It led to further misery of tribals,were encouraged for the silk production.
d.Exploitation of Middle man The traders,their agents and many middlemen approached the growers.They gave them cash loans and collected cocoons from them.
You will be surprised to know that they just paid Rupees 3 for 1000 cocoons and then sold them at five times more.When the tribal group came to know of the reality, they were shocked and started considering the traders as their enemy.  
e.Plantation worker for low wages Many tribals had to leave their forest homes in search of work.A large number of them were recruited through contractors to work in the tea plantations in far off areas of Assam.They were paid low wages and were not allowed to go back home.
f.Plight of coal mine worker The plight of the coal mine workers was no less miserable.Many tribals were also recruited in factories and fields to work under very harsh conditions.  
Additional Q.8.Decribe the tribal revolts of Khasi. 
Tribal Revolt. The commercialization of agriculture and exploitation of forest wealth made many tribals homeless and jobless.
The unjust policies of the British resulted in rebellions by tribals in different parts of India.  Revolt by the Khasis, who lived in the Khasi hills of north - west Assam, took place in 1829. The construction of a road through their land united many Khasi chiefs against the English under the leadership of Bar Manik and Tirut Singh.But the British suppressed their rebellion brutally.

Additional Q.9.Why farmers revolted against the British policy?
Answer Indian farmers were not relaxed during the flood,drought and famine condition. 
Indian farmers were over - burdened with high taxes,repayment of loans,debts and high rate of interest.They were a life of misery,poverty and frustration . 
As a result,many peasants ,who failed to pay the land revenue,lost their land and became Farmers being landless labourers : They were forced to work at very low wages.
Farmers were restless whenever atrocities,repression and exploitation reached beyond a certain limit , there was a outburst in the form of revolt or rebellion .There was a long list of injustices meted out  at various times during the British rule .
Some of these were as follows, a.Land Revenue Settlements and their administration, b.Economic exploitation, especially, of the rural masses,c.Long standing loans and indebtedness .
Eviction of peasants from land led them to become landless labourers causes resulted in revolts,outbreaks and rebellions even before the First War Indpendence in 1857.It was only in 1930 that the organisation of Kisan Sabhas started supporting the peasants .

Map Work 
Q.Locate the tribal revolt in an outline map of India.

Map Work.1.