IX.Chapter 2.History.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.Learning
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day1. Period 1.Page 25-27.
Topic-The Age of Social Changa.
Terms
Socialism* a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. Ex U.S.S.R.,Present China
Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.Ex U.S.A.,U.K.
Aristocracy* the highest class in certain societies,typically comprising people of noble birth holding hereditary titles and offices.
Industrial Revolution* The Industrial Revolution, revolution brought by the machines now also known as Industrial Revolution.The First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
Universal adult franchise* Universal suffrage gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth,income,gender,social status,race,ethnicity (जातीयता ),or any other restriction,subject only to relatively minor exceptions.
Suffragette* सफ्रेजेट a movement to give women right to vote.
Dates
Universal adult franchise* Universal suffrage gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth,income,gender,social status,race,ethnicity (जातीयता ),or any other restriction,subject only to relatively minor exceptions.
Suffragette* सफ्रेजेट a movement to give women right to vote.
Dates
1760 Beginning of the Industrial Revolution. First in England.
1828 Brahmo Samaj foundation year by Raja Rammohun Roy.
Persons
Raja Rammohan Roy (1772-1833) - Raja Ram Mohan Roy was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha,the precursor प्रीकस(र),अग्रगामी of the Brahmo Samaj (1828), a social-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent.He was given the title of Raja by Akbar II, the Mughal emperor.1828 Brahmo Samaj foundation year by Raja Rammohun Roy.
Persons
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| Rammohan Roy, Derozio |
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
(18 April 1809 – 26 December 1831), was an Indian poet of Portuguese origin and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata.He was radical thinker of his time.
Emmeline Pankhurst एममिलीन पंखु रस्ट a British activist,founder of Suffragette
Understanding Skill.(18 April 1809 – 26 December 1831), was an Indian poet of Portuguese origin and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata.He was radical thinker of his time.
Emmeline Pankhurst एममिलीन पंखु रस्ट a British activist,founder of Suffragette
Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
1.The Age of Social Change
In the previous chapter you read about the powerful ideas of freedom and equality that circulated in Europe after the French Revolution (1789).The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured.
As you have read, before the eighteenth century society was broadly divided into estates and orders and it was the aristocracy and church which controlled economic and social power.
Thinking Skill - What were the divisions of French Society.
Thinking Skill - What were the divisions of French Society.
Suddenly, after the revolution,it seemed possible to change this.In many parts of the world including Europe and Asia, new ideas about individual rights and who controlled social power began to be discussed.
In India,Raja Rammohan Roy and Derozio talked of the importance of the French Revolution (14th of July 1789),and many others debated the ideas of post - revolutionary Europe.
The developments in the colonies, in turn, reshaped these ideas of societal change.
Not everyone in Europe, however, wanted a complete transformation of society. Responses varied from those who accepted that some change was necessary but wished for a gradual shift, to those who wanted to restructure society radically.
Some were conservatives', others were liberals' or 'radicals'.
What did these terms really mean in the context of the time?
What separated these strands (धागा) of politics and what linked them together? We must remember that these terms do not mean the same thing in all contexts or at all times.
What did these terms really mean in the context of the time?
What separated these strands (धागा) of politics and what linked them together? We must remember that these terms do not mean the same thing in all contexts or at all times.
We will look briefly at some of the important political traditions of the nineteenth century, and see how they influenced change.Then we will focus on a historical event in which there was an attempt at a radical transformation of society.Through the revolution in Russia, socialism became one of the most important and powerful ideas to shape society in the twentieth century.
1.1 Liberals, Radicals and Conservatives
One of the groups which looked to change society were the liberals.Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions.We should remember that at this time European states usually discriminated in favour of the religion or another (Britain favored the Church of England,Austria and Spain favored the Catholic Church).
Liberals also opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
a.They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
a.They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
b.They argued for a representative,elected parliamentary government,subject to
laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
c.However,they were not democrats'.
d.They did not believe in universal adult franchise,that is, the right of every citizen to vote.
e.They felt men of property mainly should have the vote.They also did not want the vote for women.
Writing Skill : *Who are liberals?
Radicals In contrast,
a.radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country's population.
laws interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
c.However,they were not democrats'.
d.They did not believe in universal adult franchise,that is, the right of every citizen to vote.
e.They felt men of property mainly should have the vote.They also did not want the vote for women.
Writing Skill : *Who are liberals?
Radicals In contrast,
a.radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country's population.
b.Many supported Women's suffragette movements.
c.Unlike liberals, they opposed the rights of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
d.They were not against the existence of private property but disliked concentration of property in the hands of a few.
d.They were not against the existence of private property but disliked concentration of property in the hands of a few.
Writing Skill : *Who are radicals?
Conservatives
a.They were opposed to radicals and liberals.
a.They were opposed to radicals and liberals.
b.After the French Revolution, however, even conservatives had opened their minds to the need for change.Earlier,in the eighteenth century,conservatives had been generally opposed to the idea of change.
c.By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some change was inevitable इन एविटेबल ( अपरिहार्य ) but believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.
c.By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some change was inevitable इन एविटेबल ( अपरिहार्य ) but believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.
Such differing ideas about societal change clashed during the social and political turmoil that followed the French Revolution.The various attempts at revolution and national transformation in the nineteenth century helped define both the limits and potential of these political tendencies.
Writing Skill : *Who are conservatives?
1.2.Industrial Society and Social Change
Writing Skill : Define Industrial Revolution.When and where did it take place?
These political trends were signs of a new time.It was a time of profound social and economic changes.It was a time when new cities came up and new industrialized regions developed,railways expanded and the Industrial Revolution occurred.It occured first in England around 1760 century.
Industrialisation brought men,women and children to factories.Problems were as
Industrialisation brought men,women and children to factories.Problems were as
a.Work hours were often long.
b.And wages given to workers were too poor.
b.And wages given to workers were too poor.
c.Unemployment was common,particularly during times of low demand for industrial goods.
d.Housing and sanitation were problems since towns - were growing rapidly.Liberals and radicals searched for solutions to these issue
Fig.1-The London poor in the mid - nineteenth century as seen by a contemporary.From:Henry Mayhew, London Labor and the London Poor,1861.
d.Housing and sanitation were problems since towns - were growing rapidly.Liberals and radicals searched for solutions to these issue
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| London Poor |
Almost all industries were the property of individuals.Liberals and radicals themselves were often property owners and employers.
Having made their wealth through trade or industrial ventures, they felt that such effort should be encouraged - that its benefits would be achieved if the workforce in the economy was healthy and citizens were educated.
Opposed to the rights the old aristocracy had by birth, they firmly believed in the value of individual effort, labor and enterprise.If freedom of individuals was ensured, if the poor could labor, and those with capital could operate without restraint, they believed that societies would develop.Many working men and women who wanted changes in the world rallied around liberal and radical groups and parties in the early nineteenth century.
Some nationalists,liberals and radicals wanted revolutions to put an end to the kind of governments established in Europe in 1815.In France,Italy,Germany and Russia,they became revolutionaries and worked to overthrow existing monarchs.Nationalists talked of revolutions that would have equal rights.
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.
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After 1815, Giuseppe Mazzini,an Italian nationalist, conspired with others to achieve this in Italy.Nationalists elsewhere - including India - read his writings
In one of the least industrialized of European states this situation was reversed.Socialists took over the government in Russia through the October Revolution of 1917.
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Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day2.Period 2.Page 28-29.
Topic-The Coming of Socialism to Europe.
Terms
Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx, which examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity, and economic development and argues for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism in favor of communism.
Communism a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.
The Paris Commune the town council commune of Paris whose governance was under peoples.
Marxism is a social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl Marx, which examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity, and economic development and argues for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism in favor of communism.
Communism a theory or system of social organization in which all property is owned by the community and each person contributes and receives according to their ability and needs.
The Paris Commune the town council commune of Paris whose governance was under peoples.
Dates
1905 Socialists and trade unionists formed a Labor Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France.
1871 This was the period when the town council commune of Paris
1871 This was the period when the town council commune of Paris
Persons
Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872),an Italian nationalist, journalist, activist for the unification of Italy, and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement
Robert Owen (1771–1858),a leading English manufacturer
Louis Blanc (1813–1882)
Karl Marx (1818–1883) Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university.
Louis Blanc (1813–1882)
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| Karl Marx.Engels,Louis Blanc |
Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)
Understanding
After 1815, Giuseppe Mazzini,an Italian nationalist, conspired with others to achieve this in Italy.Nationalists elsewhere - including India - read his writings
1.3 The Coming of Socialism to Europe
Perhaps one of the most far - reaching visions of how society should be structured was socialism.By the mid - nineteenth century in Europe, socialism was a well - known body of ideas that attracted widespread attention.
Socialists were against private property, and saw it as the root of all social ills of the time: Why? Individuals owned the property that gave employment but the propertied were concerned only with personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive.
So if society as a whole rather than single individuals controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests.
Socialists wanted this change and campaigned for it.
How could a society without property operate? What would be the basis of Russia socialist society?
Socialists had different visions of the future.Some believed in the idea of cooperatives.
Robert Owen (1771–1858), a leading English manufacturer, sought to build a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA).Other socialists felt that cooperatives could not be built on a wide scale only through individual initiative: they demanded that governments encourage cooperatives.
Louis Blanc (1813–1882) in France, for instance,wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises. These cooperatives were to be associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profits according to the work done by members.
Karl Marx (1818–1883) and
Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) added other ideas to this body of arguments.Marx argued that industrial society was' capitalist.Capitalists owned the capital invested in factories, and the profit of capitalists was produced by workers.
The conditions of workers could not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by private capitalists.Workers had to overthrow capitalism and the rule of private property.Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled.This would be a communist society.He was convinced that workers would triumph in their conflict with capitalists. A communist society was the natural society of the future.
1.4.Support for Socialism.
By the 1870s, socialist ideas spread through Europe. To coordinate their efforts, socialists formed an international body - namely, the Second International.
Workers in England and Germany began forming associations to fight for better living and working conditions.They set up funds to help members in times of distress and demanded a reduction of working hours and the right to vote.
In Germany, these associations worked closely with the Social Democartic Party (SPD) and helped it win parliamentary seats.
By 1905
Represented by strong figures in parliamentary politics, their ideas did shape legislation, but governments continued to be run by conservatives, liberals and radicals.
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| Paris Commune,1871 |
Fig .2 This is a painting of the Paris Commune( town council ) of 1871 (From illustrated London News,1871).It portrays a scene from the popular uprising in Paris between March and May 1871.
This was the period when the town council commune of Paris was taken over by a peoples government consisting of workers,ordinary people,professionals,political activists and others.
The uprising emerged against a background of growing discontent against the policies of the French state.The Paris Commune 'was ultimately crushed by government troops but it was celebrated by socialist revolution.
The Paris Commune is also popularly remembered for two important legacies
a.One for its association with the workers' red flag - that was the flag adopted by the communards ( revolutionaries ) in Paris,
b.two for the Marseillaise originally written as a war song in 1792, it became a symbol of the Commune and of the struggle for liberty.
Writing Skill Which were the two legacies of Paris Commune.
Home Assignment
Writing Skill Which were the two legacies of Paris Commune.
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day3.Period 3.Page30-31.
Topic-The Coming of Socialism to Europe.
Vocabs
Terms
Dates
1917 February Revolution.The Fall of Monarchy.
1917 October Revolution of Russia.
Persons
Tsar Nicholas II Russian ruler ruled Russia and its empire during 1914.
Understanding
2 The Russian Revolution
2 The Russian Revolution
The fall of monarchy in February 1917 and the events of October are normally called the Russian Revolution How did this come about?
What were the social and political conditions in Russia when the revolution occurred? To answer these questions, let us look at Russia a few years before the revolution.
Agriculture the main occupation At the beginning of the twentieth century, the vast majority of Russia's people were agriculturists. About 85 per cent of the Russian empire's population earned their living from agriculture.This proportion was higher than in most European countries.For instance, in France and Germany the proportion was between 40 per cent and 50 per cent. In the empire, cultivators produced for the market as well as for their own needs and Russia was a major exporter of grain
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Vladimir Lenin 1870-1924 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, who led the Bolshevik group better known by his alias Lenin,was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924.
Father Gapon was priest who led the people to Winter Palace
Dates
1898 The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx's ideas.
1900 Formation the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900.This party struggled for peasants' rights
Person
Rasputin was a Russian mystic and self proclaimed holy man befriended the Tsar
Tsarina Alexandra's - Empress of Russia as the spouse of Nicholas II
Dates
22 February Womens Day.8th of March.
Understanding.34.
A great loss in war : Russia's armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916.There were over 7 million casualties by 1917.
Fig.7 - Russian soldiers during the First World War. The Imperial Russian army came to be known as the 'Russian steam roller'.It was the largest armed force in the world.When this army shifted its loyalty and began supporting the revolutionaries,Tsarist power collapsed. Lockout On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory on the right bank.The next day, workers in fifty factories called a strike in sympathy.In many factories, women led the way to strikes.
The government tried to control the situation and called out the cavalry once again.However, the cavalry ( घुड़सवार सेना ) refused to fire on the demonstrators. An officer was shot at the barracks of a regiment and striking workers.By that evening, soldiers striking workers had gathered to form a soviet or council in the same building as Duma met.
Soviet.an elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union.
Person
Marfa Vasileva Marfa Vasileva was a brave woman and machine operator in lorenz telephone factory.She participated in February revolution in Russia.She fought for food and equal as men to get food.
Dates
1917,In April the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from his exile.
8th of March 1917 Women's day
Understanding
February Revolution Striking workers had gathered to form a 'soviet' or council 'in the same building as the Duma met.This was the Petrograd Soviet.
Worker's Strength Through the summer the workers' movement spread.In industrial areas, factory committees were formed which began questioning the way industrialists ran their factories.
Trade unions grew in number.Soldiers' committees were formed in the army.In June, about 500 Soviets sent representatives to an All Russian Congress of Soviets.
Fig 10.The July Days.A Bolshevik demonstration on 17th of July 1917 being fired upon by the army.
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Industries banks being nationalised The Bolsheviks were totally opposed to private property most industry and banks were nationalized in November 1917.This meant that the government took over ownership and management.
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a.Understand the contents by reading.
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2.1 The Russian Empire in 1914
In 1914,Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its empire.Besides the territory around Moscow, the Russian empire included current - day Finland,Lativia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus.
It stretched to the Pacific and comprised todays Central Asian states, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The majority religion was Russian Orthodox Christianity - which had grown out of the Greek Orthodox Church - but the empire also included Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and Buddhists.
Fig.3 - Tsar Nicholas II in the White Hall of the Winter Palace,St Petersburg.1900.Painted by Eamest Lipgart (1847-1932)
Fig 4 - Europe in 1914
The Map shows the Russian Empire and the European countries at war during the First World War
2.2 Economy and Society
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| Fig 5. Uneployment in St Petersburg |
Industry less was found in some pockets only.Prominent industrial areas were St Petersburg and Moscow.Craftsmen undertook much of the production, but large factories existed alongside craft workshops.
Many factories were set up in the 1890s, when Russia's railway network was extended and foreign investment in industry increased.
Coal production doubled and iron and steel output quadrupled.By the 1900s, in some areas factory workers and craftsmen were almost equal in numbers.
Private Property Most industry was the private property of industrialists.
Government supervised large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited hours of work.But factory inspectors could not prevent rules being broken.In craft units and small workshops, the working day was sometimes 15 hours, compared with 10 or 12 hours in factories. Accommodation varied from rooms to dormitories.
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| Fig 6.Workers in bunkers |
Workers were a divided social group.Some had strong links with the villages from which they came.Others had settled in cities permanently. Workers were divided by skill.
What was the condition of the Worker ?
What was the condition of the Worker ?
A metalworker of St.Petersburg recalled, "Metalworkers considered themselves aristocrats among other workers.Their occupations demanded more training and skill ...'Women made up 31 per cent of the factory labor force by 1914, but they were paid less than men (between half and three - quarters of a man's wage).
Divisions among workers showed themselves in dress and manners too. Some workers formed associations to help members in times of unemployment or financial hardship but such associations were few.
Strikes Despite divisions, workers did unite to strike work (stop work ) when they disagreed with employers about dismissals or work conditions. These strikes took place frequently in the textile industry during 1896–1897, and in the metal industry during 1902.
In the countryside, peasants cultivated most of the land.But the nobility, the crown and the Orthodox Church owned large properties.Like workers, peasants too were divided.They were also deeply religious.
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.-----------------------------------------------------
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day4.Period 4.Page32-33.
Topic-The Coming of Socialism to Europe.
Vocabs
Spur (स्पर )प्रेरणा
Piled ढेर
Agitator आंदोलनकारी
Turbulent (अशांत )
Reminiscence (रेमिनिसेन्स) संस्मरण
Spur (स्पर )प्रेरणा
Piled ढेर
Agitator आंदोलनकारी
Turbulent (अशांत )
Reminiscence (रेमिनिसेन्स) संस्मरण
Terms
Jadidists - Muslim reformers within the Russian empire
Cossacks -They are a group of Russian military warriors who still exist today, but without the same military power they had in the past.
Cossacks -They are a group of Russian military warriors who still exist today, but without the same military power they had in the past.
Real wage - Reflects the quantities of goods which the wages will actually buy
Mir- Commune a self-governing community of peasant households that elected its own officials and controlled local forests,fisheries,hunting grounds, and vacant lands.
Central powers Germany Austria and Turkey were known as the Central powers
Allied Power- France, Britain and Russia were under allied power.
Duma - Russian Parliament known as the Duma.
Duma - Russian Parliament known as the Duma.
Persons
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| Lenin ,Kerenskiy |
Father Gapon was priest who led the people to Winter Palace
Dates
1898 The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx's ideas.
1900 Formation the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900.This party struggled for peasants' rights
1914 First World War broke out between two European alliances - Germany Austria and Turkey (the Central powers) and France, Britain and Russia (later Italy and Romania)
Understanding
Russian Society But except in a few cases they had no respect for the nobility.
Nobles got their power and position through their services to the Tsar,not through local popularity.This was unlike France where, during the French Revolution in Brittany, peasants respected nobles and fought for them.
No respect for the nobels In Russia,peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them.Asked, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.In 1902, this occurred on a large scale in south Russia.And in 1905, such incidents took place all over Russia.
Nobles got their power and position through their services to the Tsar,not through local popularity.This was unlike France where, during the French Revolution in Brittany, peasants respected nobles and fought for them.
No respect for the nobels In Russia,peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them.Asked, they refused to pay rent and even murdered landlords.In 1902, this occurred on a large scale in south Russia.And in 1905, such incidents took place all over Russia.
Mir,Commune Russian peasants were different from other European peasants in another way.They pooled their land together periodically and their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families.
2.3 Socialism in Russia
All Political Parties illegal All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914.The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx's ideas.However, because of government policing, it had to operate as an illegal organization.It set up a newspaper, mobilized workers and organized strikes.
Some Russian socialists felt that the Russian peasant custom of dividing land periodically made them natural socialists.So peasants, not workers, would be the main force of the revolution,and Russia could become socialist more quickly than other countries.
Socialists were active in the countryside through the late nineteenth century.They formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900.This party struggled for peasants' rights and demanded that land belonging to nobles to be transferred to peasants.Social Democrats disagreed with Socialist Revolutionaries about peasants.
Lenin felt that peasants were not one united group.Some were poor and others rich,some worked as labourers while others were capitalists who employed workers.Given this differentiation 'within them,they could not all be part of a socialist movement.
Socialists were active in the countryside through the late nineteenth century.They formed the Socialist Revolutionary Party in 1900.This party struggled for peasants' rights and demanded that land belonging to nobles to be transferred to peasants.Social Democrats disagreed with Socialist Revolutionaries about peasants.
Lenin felt that peasants were not one united group.Some were poor and others rich,some worked as labourers while others were capitalists who employed workers.Given this differentiation 'within them,they could not all be part of a socialist movement.
The party was divided over the strategy of organization.
Vladimir Lenin (who led the Bolshevik group) thought that in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia the party should be disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members.
Others (Mensheviks) thought that the party should be open to all (as in Germany).
Vladimir Lenin (who led the Bolshevik group) thought that in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia the party should be disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members.
Others (Mensheviks) thought that the party should be open to all (as in Germany).
Source A
Alexander Shlyapnikov, a socialist worker of the time, gives us a of how the meetings were organized:
'Propaganda was done in the plants and...also discussion circles legal meetings took place on matters concerning (official issues),but this activity was skilfully integrated into the general struggle for the liberation of the working class.Illegal meetings were arranged on the spur (प्रेरणा ) of the moment but in an organized way during lunch, in evening break, in front of the exit, in the yard or, in installations with several floors, on the stairs. The most alert workers would form a "plug" in the doorway, and the whole mass piled (ढेर) up in the exit. An agitator (आंदोलनकारी ) would get up right there on the spot. Management would contact the police on the telephone, but the speeches would have already been made and the necessary decision taken by the time they arrived ...
'Propaganda was done in the plants and...also discussion circles legal meetings took place on matters concerning (official issues),but this activity was skilfully integrated into the general struggle for the liberation of the working class.Illegal meetings were arranged on the spur (प्रेरणा ) of the moment but in an organized way during lunch, in evening break, in front of the exit, in the yard or, in installations with several floors, on the stairs. The most alert workers would form a "plug" in the doorway, and the whole mass piled (ढेर) up in the exit. An agitator (आंदोलनकारी ) would get up right there on the spot. Management would contact the police on the telephone, but the speeches would have already been made and the necessary decision taken by the time they arrived ...
'Alexander Shlyapnikov, On the Eve of 1917. Reminiscences from the Revolutionary Underground.
2.4 A Turbulent (अशांत )Time:The 1905 Revolution
Russia was an autocracy.Unlike other European rulers, even at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Tsar was not subject to parliament.Liberals in Russia campaigned to end this state of affairs. Together with the Social Democrats and Socialist Revolutionaries,they worked with peasants and workers during the revolution of 1905 to demand a constitution.
The year 1904 was a particularly bad one for Russian workers.
Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 per cent.
The membership of workers' associations rose dramatically.When four members of the
Assembly of Russian Workers, which had been formed in 1904, were dismissed at the Putilov Iron Works,there was a call for industrial action.
Over the next few days over 110,000 workers in St Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions.
The year 1904 was a particularly bad one for Russian workers.
Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20 per cent.
The membership of workers' associations rose dramatically.When four members of the
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| Father Gapon |
Over the next few days over 110,000 workers in St Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions.
Bloody Sunday 1905 When the procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter
Palace it was attacked by the police and the Cossacks.Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded.The incident, known as Bloody Sunday, started a series of events that became known as the 1905 Revolution.
1905 Revolution Strikes took place all over the country
and universities closed down when student bodies staged walkouts,
complaining about the lack of civil liberties.Lawyers, doctors, engineers and other middle - class workers established the union of unions and demanded a constituent assembly.
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| Bloody Sunday |
1905 Revolution Strikes took place all over the country
and universities closed down when student bodies staged walkouts,
complaining about the lack of civil liberties.Lawyers, doctors, engineers and other middle - class workers established the union of unions and demanded a constituent assembly.
Result During the 1905 Revolution,the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma.For a brief while during the revolution, there existed a large number of trade unions and factory committees made up of factory workers.
After 1905, most committees and unions worked unofficially, since they were declared illegal.Severe restrictions were placed on political activity.The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the re - elected second Duma within three months.
He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians.Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.
After 1905, most committees and unions worked unofficially, since they were declared illegal.Severe restrictions were placed on political activity.The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and the re - elected second Duma within three months.
He did not want any questioning of his authority or any reduction in his power. He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians.Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.
2.5 The First World War and the Russian Empire
In 1914, war broke out between two European alliances - Germany Austria and Turkey (the Central powers) and France, Britain and Russia (later Italy and Romania),Allied Power.Each country had a global empire
Activity Why were there revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905? What were the demands of revolutionaries?
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.--------------------------------------------------------
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day5.Period 5.Page34-35.
Topic-The Feburary Revolution in Petrograd.
Vocabs
Ransacke ( हानि पहुंचाना )
Discredit ( बदनाम करना )
Disintegrate ( टूटना )
Cavalry ( घुड़सवार सेना )
Autocracy - (एकतंत्र)
Terms
Autocracy - Governanace by one
Duma - Russian Parliament known as the Duma.
Tsar - Russian Ruler Topic-The Feburary Revolution in Petrograd.
Vocabs
Ransacke ( हानि पहुंचाना )
Discredit ( बदनाम करना )
Disintegrate ( टूटना )
Cavalry ( घुड़सवार सेना )
Autocracy - (एकतंत्र)
Terms
Autocracy - Governanace by one
Duma - Russian Parliament known as the Duma.
 |
| Rasputin ,Tsarina |
Rasputin was a Russian mystic and self proclaimed holy man befriended the Tsar
Tsarina Alexandra's - Empress of Russia as the spouse of Nicholas II
Dates
22 February Womens Day.8th of March.
Understanding.34.
The War : and the war was fought outside Europe as well as in Europe.This was the First World War. In Russia, the war was initially popular and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II.As the war continued, though, the Tsar refused to consult the main parties in the Duma. Support worn thin.
Anti German sentiments ran high, as can be seen in the renaming of St Petersburg - a German name - as Petrograd. The Tsarina Alexandra's German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular.
The Eastern Front : The First World War on the eastern front 'differed from that on the western front'. In the west, armies fought from trenches stretched along eastern France. In the east, armies moved a good deal and fought battles leaving large casualties. Defeats were shocking and demoralizing.
As they retreated, the Russian army destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy from being able to live off the land.
The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar.
Soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
Impact over industries : The war also had a severe impact on industry. Russia's own industries were few in number and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea.
Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe.
Labour shortage By 1916, railway lines began to break down. Able - bodied men were called up to the war. As a result, there were labor shortages and small workshops producing essentials were shut down. Large supplies of grain were sent to feed the army.For the people in the cities, bread and flour became scarce.By the winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common.
 |
| Fig 7 |
Activity The year is 1916.You are a general in the Tsar's army on the eastern front.You are writing a report for the government in Moscow.in your report suggest what you think the government should do to improve the situation.
3.The February Revolution in Petrograd
In the winter of 1917,conditions in the capital,Petrograd ,were grim.
Workers Quarters The layout of the city seemed to emphasize the divisions among its people.The workers' quarters and factories were located on the right bank of the River Neva.
Fashionable Areas On the left bank were the fashionable areas, the Winter Palace, and official buildings, including the palace where the Duma meet.
Food Shortage In February 1917, food shortages were deeply felt in the workers' quarters.The winter was very cold - there had been exceptional frost and heavy snow. Parliamentarians wishing to preserve elected government, were opposed to the Tsar's desire to dissolve the Duma.
Womens Day,8th of March This came to be called the International Women's Day.Demonstrating workers crossed from the factory quarters to the center of the capital - the Nevskii Prospekt (नेवस्की प्रॉस्पेक्ट).
At this stage, no political party was actively organizing the movement.
As the fashionable quarters and official buildings were surrounded by workers, the government imposed a curfew.Demonstrators dispersed by the evening, but they came back on the 24th and 25th.The government called out the cavalry and police to keep an eye on them.
Suspension of Duma On Sunday, 25 February, the suspended the Duma. Politicians spoke out against the measure.Demonstrators returned in force to the streets of the left bank on the 26th.On the 27th,the Police Headquarters were ransacked( हानि पहुंचाते हुए ).
Bread Wages The streets thronged with people raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy.
Bread Wages The streets thronged with people raising slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy.
 |
| Fig 8 |
Fig.8 -The Petrograd Soviet meeting in the Duma. February 1917
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.----------------------------------------------
Topic-The February Revolution in Petrograd.
Vocabs
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day6.Period 6.Page36-37.Topic-The February Revolution in Petrograd.
Vocabs
Impromptu - ( इम्प्रॉम्प्टू ) Adj.Unprepared. बिना तैयारी के.
Abdicate - Verb.सत्ता त्यागना.
Satiate - ( सेसिएट ) Verb.To Satisfy. Adjective Satisfied.
Terms
Person
Marfa Vasileva Marfa Vasileva was a brave woman and machine operator in lorenz telephone factory.She participated in February revolution in Russia.She fought for food and equal as men to get food.
Dates
1917,In April the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from his exile.
8th of March 1917 Women's day
Understanding
February Revolution Striking workers had gathered to form a 'soviet' or council 'in the same building as the Duma met.This was the Petrograd Soviet.
The very next day, a delegation went to see the Tsar. Military commanders advised him to abdicate. He followed his advice and abdicated on 2 March.
Soviet leaders and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government to run the country. Russia's future would be decided by a constituent assembly, elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage.
Petrograd had led the February Revolution that brought down the monarchy in February 1917.
Box.1.Women in the February Revolution
Box.1.Women in the February Revolution
'Women workers, often ... inspired their male co-workers ... At the Lorenz telephone factory. Marfa Vasileva almost single handedly called a successful strike.Already that morning, in celebration of Women's Day, women workers had presented red bows to the men ... Then Marfa Vasileva, a milling machine operator stopped work and declared an impromptu strike.The workers on the floor were ready to support her ... The foreman informed the management and sent her a loaf of bread.She took the bread but refused to go back to work.The administrator asked her again why she refused to work and she replied, "I cannot be the only one who is satiated when others are hungry. Women workers from another section of the factory gathered around Marfa in support and gradually all the other women ceased working.Soon the men downed their tools as well and the entire crowd rushed onto the street.
From: Choi Chatterji, Celebrating Women (2002),
From: Choi Chatterji, Celebrating Women (2002),
3.1.After February.
Changes were noticed
a.Army Officers, landowners and industrialists were influential in the Provisional Government.But the liberals as well as socialists among them worked towards an elected government.
b.Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed.
c.'Soviets', like the Petrograd Soviet, were set up everywhere, though no common system of election was followed.
b.Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed.
c.'Soviets', like the Petrograd Soviet, were set up everywhere, though no common system of election was followed.
Coming of Lenin In April 1917,the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from his exile.He and the Bolsheviks had opposed the war since 1914.Now he felt it was time for soviets to take over power.
April Theses.He declared that
a.the war would be brought to a close,
b.land to be transferred to the peasants,
c.and banks to be nationalized.These three demands were Lenin's 'April Theses'.
He also argued that the Bolshevik Party rename itself the Communist Party to refer to its new radical aims.Most others in the Bolshevik Party were initially surprised by the April Theses.They thought that the time was not yet ripe for a socialist revolution and the Provisional Government needed to be supported.
April Theses.He declared that
a.the war would be brought to a close,
b.land to be transferred to the peasants,
c.and banks to be nationalized.These three demands were Lenin's 'April Theses'.
He also argued that the Bolshevik Party rename itself the Communist Party to refer to its new radical aims.Most others in the Bolshevik Party were initially surprised by the April Theses.They thought that the time was not yet ripe for a socialist revolution and the Provisional Government needed to be supported.
Writing Skill Which were the demands kept in April Thesis*?
Activity
Look again at Source A and Box 1.
► List five changes in the mood of the workers.
► Place yourself in the position of a woman who has seen both situations and write an account of what has changed.
But the developments of the subsequent months changed their attitude.
 |
| Fig 9.Lenin addressing workers. |
Trade unions grew in number.Soldiers' committees were formed in the army.In June, about 500 Soviets sent representatives to an All Russian Congress of Soviets.
Stern action from Mensheviks
As the Provisional Government saw its power reduce and Bolshevik influence grow,it decided to take stern measures against the spreading discontent.
As the Provisional Government saw its power reduce and Bolshevik influence grow,it decided to take stern measures against the spreading discontent.
It resisted attempts by workers to run factories and began arresting leaders.
Popular demonstrations staged by the Bolsheviks in July 1917 were sternly repressed. Many Bolshevik leaders had to go into hiding or flee.
 |
| Fig 10. |
Bolsheviks growing power Meanwhile in the countryside, peasants and their Socialist Revolutionary leaders pressed for a redistribution of land.Land committees were formed to handle this.Encouraged by the Socialist Revolutionaries,peasants seized land between July and September 1917.
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.-----------------------------------------
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day7.Period 7.Page 38-39.
Topic-The October Revolution in Petrograd.
Vocabs
Terms
Budenovaka Soviet hat
Cheka The secret police
Dates
1850s-1880s Debates over socialism in Russsia.
1898 Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party
1905 The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905.
1917,2nd March - Abdication of the Tsar.
1917,24th October - Bolshevik unprising in Petrograd.
1918,March Brest Litovsk.peace with Germany and Russia
1918-20 The Civil War.
1919 Formation of Comintern.
1929 Beginning of Collectivisation.
UnderstandingTopic-The October Revolution in Petrograd.
Vocabs
Terms
Budenovaka Soviet hat
Cheka The secret police
Dates
1850s-1880s Debates over socialism in Russsia.
1898 Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party
1905 The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905.
1917,2nd March - Abdication of the Tsar.
1917,24th October - Bolshevik unprising in Petrograd.
1918,March Brest Litovsk.peace with Germany and Russia
1918-20 The Civil War.
1919 Formation of Comintern.
1929 Beginning of Collectivisation.
Persons
Kerenskii (1881-1970) Russian Prime Minister during 1917 and the leader of Mensheviks
Leon Trotski (1879 -1940 ) Leon Trotsky was a Soviet revolutionary,Marxist theorist and politician whose particular strain of Marxist thought is known as Trotskyism
Lenin (1870-1924) Lenin,was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.
Kerenskii (1881-1970) Russian Prime Minister during 1917 and the leader of Mensheviks
Leon Trotski (1879 -1940 ) Leon Trotsky was a Soviet revolutionary,Marxist theorist and politician whose particular strain of Marxist thought is known as Trotskyism
Lenin (1870-1924) Lenin,was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.
3.2 The Revolution of October 1917
Growing power of Bolsheviks : As the conflict between the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks grew, Lenin feared the Provisional Government would set up a dictatorship. In September, he began discussions for an uprising against the government. Bolshevik supporters in the army, soviets and factories were brought together.
Seizure of power : On 16 October 1917,Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure of power.A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotski to organize the seizure.The date of the event was kept a secret.
Uprising :
Mensheviks quick responses : The uprising began on 24 October.Sensing trouble, Prime Minister Kerenskii had left the city to summon troops.
At dawn, military men loyal to the government seized the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers.
Pro - government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace.
At dawn, military men loyal to the government seized the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers.
Pro - government troops were sent to take over telephone and telegraph offices and protect the Winter Palace.
Bolsheviks ready to seize the power : In a swift response, the Military Revolutionary Committee ordered its supporters to seize government offices and arrest ministers.Late in the day,the ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace.
Other vessels sailed down the Neva and took over various military points.By nightfall, the city was under the committee's control and the ministers had surrendered.
At a meeting of the All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action.Uprisings took place in other cities.
There was heavy fighting - especially in Moscow - but by December, the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow - Petrograd area.
Box 2
Russian Calendar behind by 13 days Date of the Russian Revolution Russia followed the Julian calendar until 1 February 1918.The country then changed to the Gregorian calendar, which is followed everywhere today.The Gregorian (ग्रेगेरियन) dates are 13 days ahead of the Julian dates. So by our calendar, the 'February' Revolution took place on 12th March and the October Revolution took place on 7th November.
Some important dates
1850s-1880s Debates over socialism in Russia.
1898 : Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party
1905 : The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905.
1917 : 2nd March - Abdication of the Tsar.
1917 : 24th October - Bolshevik uprising in Petrograd.
1918-20 : The Civil War.
1919 : Formation of Comintern.
1929 : Beginning of Collectivisation.
4.What Changed after October?
 |
| Fig 12 A soldier with a Soviet hat |
Land being social property Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition o large houses according to family requirements.
Ban over old titles They banned the use of field were of the old titles of aristocracy.
Clothing competition To assert the change,new uniforms were designed for the army and officers,following a cothing competition organized in 1918 - when the Soviet hat (budenovaka) was chosen.
Renaming of Party The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party.
In November 1917, the Bolsheviks conducted elections to the Constituent Assembly, but they failed to g majority support.
In January 1918,the Assembly rejected Bolsheviks measures and Lenin rejected the Assembly.He thought the Russian Congress of Soviets was more democratic than an an assembly elected in uncertain conditions.
Brest Litovask peace In March 1918,despite opposition by their political allies, the Bolsheviks made peace with Gemany at Brest Litovsk.
Bolsheviks only one party In the years that followed,the Bolsheviks became the only party to participate in the elections to the All Russian Congress of Soviets, which became the Parliament of the country.Russia became a one - party state.
Trade unions were kept under party control.
The secret police (called the Cheka first and later OGPU and NKVD) punished those who critisied the Boplsheviks.
Artist support : Many young writers railled to the party because it stood for socialism and for change .After October Revolution this led to experiments in the arts and architecture ,But many became disillusioned because of the censorship the party encouraged.
 |
| Fig 13 May Day in Moscow. |
Artist support : Many young writers railled to the party because it stood for socialism and for change .After October Revolution this led to experiments in the arts and architecture ,But many became disillusioned because of the censorship the party encouraged.
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.--------------------------------------------------------------
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day8.Period 8.Page 40-41.
Topic-The Civil War.
Vocabs
Requisition (रेक्विजिसियन) मांग
Banditry (बेन डी ट्री ) डाकुओं
Perpetuate (पर पे चू एट ) यादगार बनाना
Terms
Topic-The Civil War.
Vocabs
Requisition (रेक्विजिसियन) मांग
Banditry (बेन डी ट्री ) डाकुओं
Perpetuate (पर पे चू एट ) यादगार बनाना
Terms
Autonomy -The right to govern themselves.
Jadidists - The Jadidists were Muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19 th century.
Nomadism - Lifestyle of those who do not live in one place but move from area to area to earn their living.
The reds -.Bolsheviks
Greens - Socialist Revolutionaries
White - Pro - Tsarists
Dates
1922. December Soviet Union (USSR) - the state the Bolsheviks created from the Russian empire.
Person
Mikhail Mikhailovich the estate owner
M.N.Roy(1887-1970) He was an Indian revolutionary,a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and prominent Comintern leader in India,
Jadidists - The Jadidists were Muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19 th century.
Nomadism - Lifestyle of those who do not live in one place but move from area to area to earn their living.
The reds -.Bolsheviks
Greens - Socialist Revolutionaries
White - Pro - Tsarists
Dates
1922. December Soviet Union (USSR) - the state the Bolsheviks created from the Russian empire.
Person
 |
| M.N.Roy |
M.N.Roy(1887-1970) He was an Indian revolutionary,a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and prominent Comintern leader in India,
Understandings
Box 3 The October Revolution and the Russian Countryside:Two Views
' News of the Revolutionary uprising of October 25, 1917, reached the village the following day and was greeted with enthusiasm: to the peasants it meant free land and an end to the war.... The day the news arrived, the landowner's manor house was looted, his stock farms were "requisitioned" and his vast orchard was cut down and sold peasants for wood; All his far buildings were tom down and left in ruins while the land was distributed among the peasants who were prepared to live the new Soviet life
'From : Fedor Belov,The History of a Soviet Collective Farm
A member of a landowning family wrote to a relative about what happened at the estate: The coup "happened quite painlessly, quietly and peacefully.The first days were unbearable .. Mikhail Mikhailovich (the estate owner was calm.... The girls also.... I must say the chairman behaves correctly and even politely. We were left two cows and two horses. The servants tell them all the time not to bother us."Let them live. We vouch for their safety and property. We want them treated as humanely as possible.
There are rumors that several villages are trying to evict the committees and return the estate to Mikhail Mikhailovich,I don't know if this will happen, or if it's good for us. But we rejoice that there is a conscience in our people ... '
From: Serge Schmemann,E choes of a Native Land,Two Centuries of a Russian Village (1997). .
4.1 The Civil War
Causes of Civil War
a.When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution,
b.the Russian army began to break up. Soldiers,mostly peasants,wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted.
c.Non - Bolshevik socialists,liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising.Their leaders moved to south Russia and organized troops to fight the Bolsheviks (the "reds").
During 1918 and 1919, the greens' (Socialist Revolutionaries) and 'white' (pro - Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire.
They were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops - all those forces who were worried at the growth of socialism in Russia.
As these troops and the Bolsheviks fought a civil war, looting, banditry (बेन डी ट्री ) डाकुओं and famine became common.banditry Supporters of private property among 'whites' took harsh steps with peasants who had seized land.Such actions led to the loss of popular support for the non - Bolsheviks.By January 1920, the Bolsheviks controlled most of the former Russian empire.They succeeded due
Box 3 The October Revolution and the Russian Countryside:Two Views
' News of the Revolutionary uprising of October 25, 1917, reached the village the following day and was greeted with enthusiasm: to the peasants it meant free land and an end to the war.... The day the news arrived, the landowner's manor house was looted, his stock farms were "requisitioned" and his vast orchard was cut down and sold peasants for wood; All his far buildings were tom down and left in ruins while the land was distributed among the peasants who were prepared to live the new Soviet life
'From : Fedor Belov,The History of a Soviet Collective Farm
A member of a landowning family wrote to a relative about what happened at the estate: The coup "happened quite painlessly, quietly and peacefully.The first days were unbearable .. Mikhail Mikhailovich (the estate owner was calm.... The girls also.... I must say the chairman behaves correctly and even politely. We were left two cows and two horses. The servants tell them all the time not to bother us."Let them live. We vouch for their safety and property. We want them treated as humanely as possible.
There are rumors that several villages are trying to evict the committees and return the estate to Mikhail Mikhailovich,I don't know if this will happen, or if it's good for us. But we rejoice that there is a conscience in our people ... '
From: Serge Schmemann,E choes of a Native Land,Two Centuries of a Russian Village (1997). .
4.1 The Civil War
Causes of Civil War
a.When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution,
b.the Russian army began to break up. Soldiers,mostly peasants,wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted.
c.Non - Bolshevik socialists,liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising.Their leaders moved to south Russia and organized troops to fight the Bolsheviks (the "reds").
During 1918 and 1919, the greens' (Socialist Revolutionaries) and 'white' (pro - Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire.
They were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops - all those forces who were worried at the growth of socialism in Russia.
As these troops and the Bolsheviks fought a civil war, looting, banditry (बेन डी ट्री ) डाकुओं and famine became common.banditry Supporters of private property among 'whites' took harsh steps with peasants who had seized land.Such actions led to the loss of popular support for the non - Bolsheviks.By January 1920, the Bolsheviks controlled most of the former Russian empire.They succeeded due
Activity Read the two views on the revolution in the countryside.Imagine yourself to be a witness to the events.Write a short account from the standpoint of:
an owner of an estate
a small peasant
a journalist.
to cooperation with non - Russian nationalities and Muslim jadidists.Cooperation did not work where Russian colonists themselves turned Bolshevik.
an owner of an estate
a small peasant
a journalist.
to cooperation with non - Russian nationalities and Muslim jadidists.Cooperation did not work where Russian colonists themselves turned Bolshevik.
In Khiva,in Central Asia, Bolshevik colonists brutally massacred local nationalists in the name of defending socialism.
In this situation,many were confused about what the Bolshevik government represented. Partly to remedy this,most non - Russian nationalities were given political autonomy in the Soviet Union (USSR) - the state the Bolsheviks created from the Russian empire in December 1922.
But since this was combined with unpopular policies that the Bolsheviks forced the local government to follow - like the harsh discouragement of nomadism - attempts to win over different nationalities were only partly successful
Activity Why did people in Central Asia respond to the Russian Revolution in different ways?
Source B In this situation,many were confused about what the Bolshevik government represented. Partly to remedy this,most non - Russian nationalities were given political autonomy in the Soviet Union (USSR) - the state the Bolsheviks created from the Russian empire in December 1922.
But since this was combined with unpopular policies that the Bolsheviks forced the local government to follow - like the harsh discouragement of nomadism - attempts to win over different nationalities were only partly successful
Activity Why did people in Central Asia respond to the Russian Revolution in different ways?
Central Asia of the October Revolution: Two Views
M.N. Roy was an Indian revolutionary, a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and prominent Comintern leader in India, China and Europe. He was in Central Asia at the time of the civil war in the 1920s. He wrote: * The chieftain was a benevolent old man; his attendant a youth who spoke Russian He had heard of the Revolution, which had overthrown the Tsar and driven away the Generals who conquered the homeland of the Kirgiz. So, the revolution meant that the Kirgiz were masters of their home again. "Long Live the Revolution" shouted the Kirgiz youth who seemed to be a born Bolshevik.The whole tribe joined. 'M.N. Roy, Memoirs (1964),
'The Kirghiz welcomed the first revolution (ie February revolution) with joy and the second revolution with consternation and terror ... [this] first revolution freed them from the oppression of the Tsarist regime and strengthened their hope that ... autonomy would be realised. The second revolution (October Revolution) was accompanied by violence, pillage, taxes and the establishment of dictatorial power once a small group of Tsarist bureaucrats oppressed the Kirghiz. Now the same group of people perpetuate (यादगार बनाना ) the same regime ... '
Kazakh leader in 1919, quoted in Alexander Bennigsen and Chantal Quelquejay, Les Mouvements Nationaux chez les Musulmans de Russie, (1960).
Home Assignment
-------------------------------------------------
During the civil war, the Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalized.They allowed peasants to cultivate the land that had been socialized. Bolsheviks used confiscated land to demonstrate what collective work could be.
The process of centralized planning was introduced. Officials assessed how the economy could work and set targets for a five - year period.On this basis they made the Five Year Plans.The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth during the first two 'Plans
Box 4
Socialist Cultivation in a Village in the Ukraine
M.N. Roy was an Indian revolutionary, a founder of the Mexican Communist Party and prominent Comintern leader in India, China and Europe. He was in Central Asia at the time of the civil war in the 1920s. He wrote: * The chieftain was a benevolent old man; his attendant a youth who spoke Russian He had heard of the Revolution, which had overthrown the Tsar and driven away the Generals who conquered the homeland of the Kirgiz. So, the revolution meant that the Kirgiz were masters of their home again. "Long Live the Revolution" shouted the Kirgiz youth who seemed to be a born Bolshevik.The whole tribe joined. 'M.N. Roy, Memoirs (1964),
'The Kirghiz welcomed the first revolution (ie February revolution) with joy and the second revolution with consternation and terror ... [this] first revolution freed them from the oppression of the Tsarist regime and strengthened their hope that ... autonomy would be realised. The second revolution (October Revolution) was accompanied by violence, pillage, taxes and the establishment of dictatorial power once a small group of Tsarist bureaucrats oppressed the Kirghiz. Now the same group of people perpetuate (यादगार बनाना ) the same regime ... '
Kazakh leader in 1919, quoted in Alexander Bennigsen and Chantal Quelquejay, Les Mouvements Nationaux chez les Musulmans de Russie, (1960).
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.-------------------------------------------------
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day9.Period 9.Page 40-41.
Topic-Making a Socialist Society.
Vocabs
Understandings
4.2 Making a Socialist SocietyTopic-Making a Socialist Society.
Vocabs
Understandings
During the civil war, the Bolsheviks kept industries and banks nationalized.They allowed peasants to cultivate the land that had been socialized. Bolsheviks used confiscated land to demonstrate what collective work could be.
The process of centralized planning was introduced. Officials assessed how the economy could work and set targets for a five - year period.On this basis they made the Five Year Plans.The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth during the first two 'Plans
Box 4
Socialist Cultivation in a Village in the Ukraine
"A commune was set up using two (confiscaled) farms as a base. The commune organized of thirteen families with a total of sevenly persons ... The farm tools taken from the farms were turned over to the commune ... The members ate in a communal dining hall and income was divided in accordance with the principles of "cooperative communism". The entire proceeds of the members' labor, as well as all dwellings and facilities belonging to the commune were shared by the commune members.
Fedor Belov,The History of a Soviet Collective Farm (1955).
(1927–1932 and 1933–1938).Centralized planning led to economic growth. Industrial production increased (between 1929 and 1933 by 100 per cent in the case of oil, coal and steel). New factory cities came into being.
However, rapid construction led to poor working conditions.In the City of Magnitogorsk, the construction of a steel plant was achieved three years.Workers lived hard lives and the result was 550 stoppages of work in the first year alone. In living quarters, 'in the wintertime, at 40 degrees below, people had to climb down from the fourth floor and dash across the street in order to go to the toilet.
An extended schooling system developed, and arrangements were made for factory workers and peasants to enter universities.
Crèches were established in factories for the children of women workers,
Cheap public health care was provided.
Model living quarters were set up for workers.The effect of all this was uneven, though,since government resources were limited.
Fig.14.Factories came to be seen as a symbol of socialism
The poster states : 'The Smoke from the chimney is the breathing of Soviet Russia.'
Fig.15.Children at school in Soviet Russia in the 1930s.They are studying the Soviet economy.
Fig.16.A child in Magnitogorsk during the First Five Year Plan
He is working for Soviet Russsia.
Fig.17.Factory dining hall in the 1930s.
Fedor Belov,The History of a Soviet Collective Farm (1955).
(1927–1932 and 1933–1938).Centralized planning led to economic growth. Industrial production increased (between 1929 and 1933 by 100 per cent in the case of oil, coal and steel). New factory cities came into being.
However, rapid construction led to poor working conditions.In the City of Magnitogorsk, the construction of a steel plant was achieved three years.Workers lived hard lives and the result was 550 stoppages of work in the first year alone. In living quarters, 'in the wintertime, at 40 degrees below, people had to climb down from the fourth floor and dash across the street in order to go to the toilet.
An extended schooling system developed, and arrangements were made for factory workers and peasants to enter universities.
Crèches were established in factories for the children of women workers,
 |
| Fig 15.Children at school. |
Model living quarters were set up for workers.The effect of all this was uneven, though,since government resources were limited.
Fig.14.Factories came to be seen as a symbol of socialism
The poster states : 'The Smoke from the chimney is the breathing of Soviet Russia.'
Fig.15.Children at school in Soviet Russia in the 1930s.They are studying the Soviet economy.
Fig.16.A child in Magnitogorsk during the First Five Year Plan
He is working for Soviet Russsia.
Fig.17.Factory dining hall in the 1930s.
 |
| Fig 17 |
Source C
Dreams and Realities of a Soviet Childhood in 1933
Dear grandfather Kalinin
My family is large, there are four children.We don't have a father - he died, fighting for the worker's cause, and my mother ... is ailing ... I want to study very much, but I cannot go to school. I had some old boots, but they are completely torn and no one can mend them. My mother is sick, we have no money and no bread, but I want to study very much. ... there stands before us the task of studying, studying and studying. That is what Vladimir Ilich Lenin said. But I have to stop going to school. We have no relatives and there is no one to help us, so I have to go to work in a factory, to prevent the family from starving. Dear grandfather, I am 13, I study well and have no bad reports. I am in Class 5 ...
Letter of 1933 from a 13 - year - old worker to Kalinin, Soviet President
From: V. Sokolov (ed), Obshchestvo I Vlast, v 1930 - ye gody (Moscow, 1997).
Home AssignmentDreams and Realities of a Soviet Childhood in 1933
Dear grandfather Kalinin
My family is large, there are four children.We don't have a father - he died, fighting for the worker's cause, and my mother ... is ailing ... I want to study very much, but I cannot go to school. I had some old boots, but they are completely torn and no one can mend them. My mother is sick, we have no money and no bread, but I want to study very much. ... there stands before us the task of studying, studying and studying. That is what Vladimir Ilich Lenin said. But I have to stop going to school. We have no relatives and there is no one to help us, so I have to go to work in a factory, to prevent the family from starving. Dear grandfather, I am 13, I study well and have no bad reports. I am in Class 5 ...
Letter of 1933 from a 13 - year - old worker to Kalinin, Soviet President
From: V. Sokolov (ed), Obshchestvo I Vlast, v 1930 - ye gody (Moscow, 1997).
 |
| Fig .14.Fig.16. |
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.-----------------------------------------------
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day8.Period 8.Page 44-45.
Topic-Stalinism & Collectivisation
Vocabs
Accusation दोष लगाना
Insurrection इन्सरेक्शन,विद्रोह
Distortions डिस्टॉरशन ,बिगाड़ना
Confiscate ज़ब्त कर लेना
Outright साफ़ सुथरा
Terms
Stalinism - the theory of collectivisation of Stalin is known as Stalinism
Collectivisation - was introduced in the Soviet Union by general secretary Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s as a way, according to the policies of socialist leaders, to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into large-scale collective farms (kolkhozy) ...
Deported - Forcibly removed from one's own country.
Exiled - Forced to live away from one's own country.
Kulaks - the name for well to - do peasants.
Kolkhoz - collective farms
Persons
Joseph Stalin 1878 -1953 Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until 1953 as the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and premier of the Soviet Union.
Understandings
4.3.Stalinism & Collectivisation Topic-Stalinism & Collectivisation
Vocabs
Accusation दोष लगाना
Insurrection इन्सरेक्शन,विद्रोह
Distortions डिस्टॉरशन ,बिगाड़ना
Confiscate ज़ब्त कर लेना
Outright साफ़ सुथरा
Terms
Stalinism - the theory of collectivisation of Stalin is known as Stalinism
Collectivisation - was introduced in the Soviet Union by general secretary Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s as a way, according to the policies of socialist leaders, to boost agricultural production through the organization of land and labor into large-scale collective farms (kolkhozy) ...
Deported - Forcibly removed from one's own country.
Exiled - Forced to live away from one's own country.
Kulaks - the name for well to - do peasants.
Kolkhoz - collective farms
Persons
Understandings
The period of the early Planned Economy was linked to the disasters of the collectivisation of agriculture.
By 1927 1928, the towns in Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies.The government fixed prices at which grain must be sold, but the peasants refused to sell their grain to government buyers at these prices.
Collectivisation Stalin,who headed the party after the death of Lenin, introduced firm emergency measures.He believed that rich peasants and traders in the countryside were holding stocks in the hope of higher prices.Speculation had to be stopped and supplies confiscated.
In 1928, Party members toured the grain - producing areas,supervising enforced grain collections, and raiding 'kulaks' - the name for well to - do peasants.
As shortages continued, the decision was taken to collectivise farms.
It was argued that grain shortages were partly due to the small size of holdings.After 1917, land had been given over to peasants.
These small - sized peasant farms could not be modernized.To develop modern farms, and run them along industrial lines with machinery,it was necessary to eliminate kulaks', take away land from peasants,and establish state-controlled large farms.
In 1928, Party members toured the grain - producing areas,supervising enforced grain collections, and raiding 'kulaks' - the name for well to - do peasants.
As shortages continued, the decision was taken to collectivise farms.
It was argued that grain shortages were partly due to the small size of holdings.After 1917, land had been given over to peasants.
These small - sized peasant farms could not be modernized.To develop modern farms, and run them along industrial lines with machinery,it was necessary to eliminate kulaks', take away land from peasants,and establish state-controlled large farms.
What followed was Stalin's collectivisation program.From 1929, the Party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms (Kolkhoz).
The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms.Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkboz profit was shared.
Opposing by Farmers Enraged peasants opposed the authorities and destroyed their livestock.Between 1929 and 1931, the number of cattle fell by one - third.
Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished.
Many were deported and exiled.As they opposed collectivisation, peasants argued that they were not rich and they were not against socialism.They merely did not want to work in collective farms for a variety of reasons.
Stalin's government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivators unsympathetically.
The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms.Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkboz profit was shared.
Opposing by Farmers Enraged peasants opposed the authorities and destroyed their livestock.Between 1929 and 1931, the number of cattle fell by one - third.
Those who resisted collectivisation were severely punished.
Many were deported and exiled.As they opposed collectivisation, peasants argued that they were not rich and they were not against socialism.They merely did not want to work in collective farms for a variety of reasons.
Stalin's government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivators unsympathetically.
In spite of collectivisation,production did not increase immediately.In fact, the bad harvests of 1930 1933 led to one of the most devastating famines in Soviet history when over 4 million died.
Fig.18. A poster during collectivisation.It states : We shall strike at the kulak working for decrease in cultivation.
Fig.19. Peasant women being gathered to work in the large collective farms.
 |
| Fig 18 |
Fig.19. Peasant women being gathered to work in the large collective farms.
Source D Official view of the opposition to collectivisation and the government response
From the second half of February of this year, in various regions of the Ukraine mass insurrections (इनसेरेक्शन,बगावत ) of the peasantry have taken place,caused by distortions (डिस्टॉरशन,विरूपण) of the party's line by a section of the lower ranks of the Party and the Soviet work for the spring harvest.Mechanism in the course of the introduction of collectivisation and preparatory within a short time, large scale activities from the above - mentioned areas carried over into neighboring areas - and the most aggressive insurrections have taken place near the border.
The greater part of the peasant insurrections have been linked with outright साफ़ सुथरा demands for the return of collectivised stocks of grain, livestock and tools.
Between 1st February and 15th March,25,000 have been arrested 656 have been executed, 3673 have been imprisoned in labor camps and 5580 exiled ..
Report of KM Karlson,President of the State Police Administration of the Ukraine to the Central Committee of the Communist Party, on 19 March 1930,
From: V. Sokolov (ed),Obshchestvo I Vlast, v 1930 - ye gody
Understandings
Understandings
Many within the Party criticized the confusion in industrial production under the Planned Economy and the consequences of collectivisation.Stalin and his sympathisers charged these critics with conspiracy against socialism.
Harsh Steps Accusations were made throughout the country, and by 1939,
over 2 million were in prisons or labor camps.Most were innocent of the crimes,but no one spoke for them.
A large number were forced to make false confessions under torture and were executed - several among them were talented professionals.
over 2 million were in prisons or labor camps.Most were innocent of the crimes,but no one spoke for them.
A large number were forced to make false confessions under torture and were executed - several among them were talented professionals.
Source E This is a letter written by a peasant who did not want to join the collective farm. To the newspaper Krestianskaia Gazeta (Peasant Newspaper)
I am a natural working peasant born in 1879 there are 6 members in my family, my wife was born in 1881,my son is 16, two daughters 19, all three go to school, my sister is 71.
From 1932, heavy taxes have been levied on me that I have found Impossible.
From 1935, local authorities have increased the taxes on me ... and I was unable to handle them and all my property was registered: my horse, cow, calf, sheep with lambs, all my implements, furniture and my reserve of wood for repair of buildings and they sold the lot for the taxes.
In 1936, they sold two of my buildings ... the kolkhoz bought them. In 1937, of two huts I had, one was sold and one was confiscated (ज़ब्त कर लेना).
Afanasii Dedorovich Frebenev, an independent cultivator.
From: V. Sokolov (ed) वी सोकोलोव , Obshchestvo ओब्शचेस्टेवो I Vlast, v 1930 - ye gody.
Fig.19. Peasant women being gathered to work in the large collective farms.
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.
I am a natural working peasant born in 1879 there are 6 members in my family, my wife was born in 1881,my son is 16, two daughters 19, all three go to school, my sister is 71.
From 1932, heavy taxes have been levied on me that I have found Impossible.
From 1935, local authorities have increased the taxes on me ... and I was unable to handle them and all my property was registered: my horse, cow, calf, sheep with lambs, all my implements, furniture and my reserve of wood for repair of buildings and they sold the lot for the taxes.
In 1936, they sold two of my buildings ... the kolkhoz bought them. In 1937, of two huts I had, one was sold and one was confiscated (ज़ब्त कर लेना).
 |
| Fig 19 |
From: V. Sokolov (ed) वी सोकोलोव , Obshchestvo ओब्शचेस्टेवो I Vlast, v 1930 - ye gody.
Fig.19. Peasant women being gathered to work in the large collective farms.
Home Assignment
a.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.
--------------------------------------------------------------
Raman's Classes.IX
Chapter 2.Socialism and The Russian Revolution.
Day9.Period 9.Page 46-47.
Topic- The Global Influence of Russian Revolution.
Vocabs
Jovial उल्लासपूर्ण
Harangue भाषण
Persons
Rabindranath Tagore 1861-1941
Topic- The Global Influence of Russian Revolution.
Vocabs
Jovial उल्लासपूर्ण
Harangue भाषण
Persons
 |
| Guru,Nehru,Saukat Usmani |
Rabindranath Tagore 1861-1941
Shaukat Usmani 1901 - 1978
Shaukat Usmani was an early Indian communist,who was born to artistic USTA family of Bikaner and a member of emigre Communist Party of India.
Jawaharlal Nehru 1889-1964
Dates
1920s The Communist Party was formed in India
Understandings.
Dates
1920s The Communist Party was formed in India
Understandings.
5 The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR
Formation of Communist Parties.Existing Socialist Parties in Europe did not wholly approve of the way the Bolsheviks took power- and kept it.However, the possibility of a workers' state fired people's imagination across the world.In many countries,communist parties were formed - like the Communist Party of Great Britain.
Foundation of Comintern The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial peoples to follow their experiment.Many non - Russians from outside the USSR were discussed in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920) and the Bolshevik - founded Comintern (an international union of pro - Bolshevik socialist parties).
Education at Russia Some received education in the USSR's Communist University of the Workers of the East. By the time of the outbreak of the Second World War, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.
World's View about USSR Yet by the 1950s it was acknowledged within the country that the style of government in the USSR was not in keeping with the ideals of the Russian Revolution.
In the world socialist movement too it was recognized that all was not well in the Soviet Union.
A backward country had become a great power.Its industries and agriculture had developed and the poor were being fed.But it had denied the essential freedoms to its citizens and carried out its developmental projects through repressive policies.
By the end of the twentieth century, the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined though it was recognized that socialist ideals still enjoyed respect among its people.But in each country the ideas of socialism were rethought in a variety of different ways.
Box 5 Writing about the Russian Revolution in India India
Among those the Russian Revolution inspired many Indians. Several attended the Communist University.By the mid - 1920s the Communist Party was formed in India.Its members kept in touch with the Soviet Communist Party important Indian political and cultural figures took an interest in the Soviet experiment and visited Russia, among them Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore, who wrote about Soviet Socialism.
In India, writings gave impressions of Soviet Russia.
In Hindi, R.S.Avasthi wrote in 1920-21 Russian Revolution, Lenin, His Life and His Thoughts, and later The Red Revolution
S.D. Vidyalankar wrote The Rebirth of Russia and The Soviet State of Russia.There was much that was written in Bengali, Marathi, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu.
Source F An Indian arrives in Soviet Russia in 1920
'For the first time in our lives, we were seeing Europeans mixing freely with Asians.On seeing the Russians mingling freely with the rest of the people of the country we were convinced that we had come to a land of real equality.
We saw freedom in its true light.In spite of their poverty, imposed by the counter - revolutionaries and the imperialists, the people were more jovial and satisfied than ever before.
The revolution had instilled confidence and fearlessness in them.The real brotherhood of mankind would be seen here among these people of fifty different nationalities.
No barriers of caste or religion hindered them from mixing freely with one another. Every soul was transformed into an orator.One could see a worker, a peasant or a soldier haranguing like a professional lecturer.
The revolution had instilled confidence and fearlessness in them.The real brotherhood of mankind would be seen here among these people of fifty different nationalities.
No barriers of caste or religion hindered them from mixing freely with one another. Every soul was transformed into an orator.One could see a worker, a peasant or a soldier haranguing like a professional lecturer.
'Shaukat Usmani, Historic Trips of a Revolutionary.
Source G Rabindranath Tagore wrote from Russia in 1930
Moscow appears much less clean than the other European capitals. None of those hurrying along the streets look smart.
The whole place belongs to the workers ... Here the masses have not in the least been put in the shade by the gentlemen ... those who lived in the background for ages have come forward in the open today ... I thought of the peasants and workers in my own country.
It all seemed like the work of the Genii in the Arabian Nights. [here] only a decade ago they were as illiterate, helpless and hungry as our own masses ... Who could be more astonished than an unfortunate Indian like myself to see how they had removed the mountain of ignorance and helplessness in these few years'.
Activity Compare the passages written by Shaukat Usmani and Rabindranath Tagore. Read them in relation to Sources C,D and E.
Activity Compare the passages written by Shaukat Usmani and Rabindranath Tagore. Read them in relation to Sources C,D and E.
What did Indians find impressive about the USSR?
What did the writers fail to notice?
Home Assignmenta.Understand the contents by reading.
b.Make the inside Questions/Answers by your own.
c.Learn them.
d.Keep eyes over figures.-----------------------------------------------------------------
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